Related papers: An algebraic hypothesis about the primeval genetic…
The genetic code maps the sixty-four nucleotide triplets (codons) to twenty amino-acids. Some argue that the specific form of the code with its twenty amino-acids might be a 'frozen accident' because of the overwhelming effects of any…
In a certain way, this paper presents the continuation of the previous one which discussed the harmonic structure of the genetic code (Rakocevic, 2004). Several new harmonic structures presented in this paper, through specific unity and…
To synthesize peptides alongside the RNAs making the so-called RNA world, some genetic coding involving RNA had to develop. Herein, it is proposed that the first real-coding setup was a direct one, made up of continuous poly-tRNA-like…
The article is devoted to phenomena of symmetries and algebras in matrix presentations of the genetic code. The Kronecker family of the genetic matrices is investigated, which is based on the alphabetical matrix [C A; U G], where C, A, U, G…
The set of known dialects of the genetic code (GC) is analyzed from the viewpoint of the genetic octave Yin-Yang-algebra. This algebra was described in the previous author's publications. The algebra was discovered on the basis of…
Using basic properties of p-adic numbers, we consider a simple new approach to describe main aspects of DNA sequence and genetic code. Central role in our investigation plays an ultrametric p-adic information space which basic elements are…
Using the crystal basis model of the genetic code, a set of relations between the physical-chemical properties of the amino acids are derived and compared with the experimental data. A prevision for the not yet measured thermodynamical…
The standard genetic code multiplet structure as well as the correct degeneracies, class by class, are all extracted from the (unique) number 23, the order of the permutation group of 23 objects.
In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict AAs positions; more exactly, with AAs ordinal number in three variants; first variant 00-19, second 00-21 and third…
A quaternionic representation of the genetic code, previously reported by the authors, is updated in order to incorporate chirality of nucleotide bases and amino acids. The original representation assigns to each nucleotide base a prime…
We discuss the similarity of the degeneration structure of the genetic code with a pure number theoretic -- ``divisors code.'' The most interesting thing about our observation is not that there is a connection between number theory and the…
Convolutional codes are error-correcting linear codes that utilize shift registers to encode. These codes have an arbitrary block size and they can incorporate both past and current information bits. DNA codes represent DNA sequences and…
Genetic association data from national biobanks and large-scale association studies have provided new prospects for understanding the genetic evolution of complex traits and diseases in humans. In turn, genomes from ancient human…
We show that our recently published Arithmetic Model of the genetic code based on Godel Encoding is robust against symmetry transformations, specially Rumer s one U > G, A > C, and constitutes a link between the degeneracy structure and the…
The deterministic selection-recombination equation describes the evolution of the genetic type composition of a population under selection and recombination in a law of large numbers regime. So far, an explicit solution has seemed out of…
The genetic code is the function from the set of codons to the set of amino acids by which a DNA sequence encodes proteins. Since the codons also influence the shape of the DNA molecule itself, the same sequence that encodes a protein also…
We perform geometrization of genetics by representing genetic information by points of the 4-adic {\it information space.} By well known theorem of number theory this space can also be represented as the 2-adic space. The process of…
A new set of DNA base-nucleic acid codes and their hypercomplex number representation have been introduced for taking the probability of each nucleotide into full account. A new scoring system has been proposed to suit the hypercomplex…
Matrix forms of the representation of the multi-level system of molecular-genetic alphabets have revealed algebraic properties of this system. Families of genetic (4*4)- and (8*8)-matrices show unexpected connections of the genetic system…
The matrix form of the presentation of the genetic code is described as the cognitive form to analyze structures of the genetic code. A similar matrix form is utilized in the theory of signal processing. The Kronecker family of the genetic…