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The Clifford algebra over the three-dimensional real linear space includes its linear structure and its exterior algebra, the subspaces spanned by multivectors of the same degree determine a gradation of the Clifford algebra. Through these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-04 Dalia Cervantes , Guillermo Morales-Luna

We present an algorithm that decomposes any $n$-qubit Clifford operator into a circuit consisting of three subcircuits containing only CNOT or CPHASE gates with layers of one-qubit gates before and after each of these subcircuits. As with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Timothy Proctor , Kevin Young

The n-qubit Pauli group and its normalizer the n-qubit Clifford group have applications in quantum error correction and device characterization. Recent applications have made use of the representation theory of the Clifford group. We apply…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Kieran Mastel

Here is discussed application of the Weyl pair to construction of universal set of quantum gates for high-dimensional quantum system. An application of Lie algebras (Hamiltonians) for construction of universal gates is revisited first. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Alexander Yu. Vlasov

We give an algorithm which produces a unique element of the Clifford group $\mathcal{C}_n$ on $n$ qubits from an integer $0\le i < |\mathcal{C}_n|$ (the number of elements in the group). The algorithm involves $O(n^3)$ operations. It is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-11 Robert Koenig , John A. Smolin

We describe the structure of the $n$-qubit Clifford group $C_n$ via Cayley graphs, whose vertices represent group elements and edges represent generators. In order to obtain the action of Clifford gates on a given quantum state, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Cynthia Keeler , William Munizzi , Jason Pollack

We revisit the Pauli-Clifford connection to introduce a real, grade-preserving algebraic framework for $n$-qubit quantum computation based on the tensor product $C\ell_{2,0}(\mathbb{R})^{\otimes n}$. In this setting, the bivector $J =…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Kagwe A. Muchane

One learned from Gottesman-Knill theorem that the Clifford model of quantum computing \cite{Clark07} may be generated from a few quantum gates, the Hadamard, Phase and Controlled-Z gates, and efficiently simulated on a classical computer.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-20 Michel Planat

Motivated by their central role in fault-tolerant quantum computation, we study the sets of gates of the third-level of the Clifford hierarchy and their distinguished subsets of `nearly diagonal' semi-Clifford gates. The Clifford hierarchy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Imin Chen , Nadish de Silva

We present an efficient quantum algorithm for preparing a pure state on a quantum computer, where the quantum state corresponds to that of a molecular system with a given number $m$ of electrons occupying a given number $n$ of spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-05-01 Hefeng Wang , S. Ashhab , Franco Nori

We introduce the Non-commutative Subset Convolution - a convolution of functions useful when working with determinant-based algorithms. In order to compute it efficiently, we take advantage of Clifford algebras, a generalization of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Michał Włodarczyk

This is an extension of quantum spinor construction of $U_q(\hat {\frak gl}(n))$. We define quantum affine Clifford algebras based on the tensor category and the solutions of q-KZ equations, and construct quantum spinor representations of…

q-alg · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Jintai Ding

The term Clifford group was introduced in 1998 by D. Gottesmann in his investigation of quantum error-correcting codes. The simplest Clifford group in multiqubit quantum computation is generated by a restricted set of unitary Clifford gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-25 J. Tolar

Clifford algebras are important structures in Geometric Algebra and Quantum Mechanics. They have allowed a formalization of the primitive operators in Quantum Theory. The algebras are built over vector spaces with dimension a power of 2…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Guillermo Morales-Luna

The Heisenberg representation of quantum operators provides a powerful technique for reasoning about quantum circuits, albeit those restricted to the common (non-universal) Clifford set H, S and CNOT. The Gottesman-Knill theorem showed that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Robert Rand , Aarthi Sundaram , Kartik Singhal , Brad Lackey

There are various gate sets that can be used to describe a quantum computation. A particularly popular gate set in the literature on quantum computing consists of arbitrary single-qubit gates and 2-qubit CNOT gates. A CNOT gate is however…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 John van de Wetering

The Clifford hierarchy is a nested sequence of sets of quantum gates critical to achieving fault-tolerant quantum computation. Diagonal gates of the Clifford hierarchy and 'nearly diagonal' semi-Clifford gates are particularly important:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-15 Nadish de Silva

We describe stabilizer states and Clifford group operations using linear operations and quadratic forms over binary vector spaces. We show how the n-qubit Clifford group is isomorphic to a group with an operation that is defined in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor

We investigate the utility of geometric (Clifford) algebras (GA) methods in two specific applications to quantum information science. First, using the multiparticle spacetime algebra (MSTA, the geometric algebra of a relativistic…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-08-08 Carlo Cafaro , Stefano Mancini

We introduce Natural Qubit Algebra (NQA), a compact real operator calculus for qubit systems based on a $2\times2$ block alphabet $\{I,X,Z,W\}\subset\mathrm{Mat}(2,\mathbb{R})$ and tensor-word representations. The resulting multiplication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Grigory Koroteev