Related papers: Virtual Bridge Number One Knots

We introduce an equivalence relation, called stable equivalence, on knot diagrams and closed curves on surfaces. We give bijections between the set of abstract knots, the set of virtual knots, and the set of the stable equivalence classes…

For a virtual knot $K$ and an integer $r$ with $r\geq2$, we introduce a method of constructing an $r$-component virtual link $L(K;r)$, which we call the $r$-multiplexing of $K$. Every invariant of $L(K;r)$ is an invariant of $K$. We give a…

The present paper produces examples of Gauss diagram formulae for virtual knot invariants which have no analogue in the classical knot case. These combinatorial formulae contain additional information about how a subdiagram is embedded in a…

All knots are fused isotopic to the unknot via a process known as virtualization. We extend and adapt this process to show that, up to fused isotopy, classical links are classified by their linking numbers.

Virtual knots are associated with knot diagrams, which are not obligatory planar. The recently suggested generalization from N=2 to arbitrary N of the Kauffman-Khovanov calculus of cycles in resolved diagrams can be straightforwardly…

We introduce two polynomial invariants $V_1(K;t)$ and $V_2(K;t)$ of a long virtual knot $K$, which generalize the degree-two finite type invariants $v_{2,1}$ and $v_{2,2}$ of Goussarov, Polyak, and Viro. We establish their fundamental…

In the present paper we give a new method for converting virtual knots and links to virtual braids. Indeed the braiding method given in this paper is quite general, and applies to all the categories in which braiding can be accomplished. We…

For a knot diagram $K$, the classical knot group $\pi_1(K)$ is a free group modulo relations determined by Wirtinger-type relations on the classical crossings. The classical knot group is invariant under the Reidemeister moves. In this…

Let $n$ be a positive integer. The aim of this paper is to study two local moves $V(n)$ and $V^{n}$ on welded links, which are generalizations of the crossing virtualization. We show that the $V(n)$-move is an unknotting operation on welded…

In [14], the second named author constructed the bracket invariant [.] of virtual knots valued in pictures (linear combinations of virtual knot diagrams with some crossing information omitted), such that for many diagrams K, the following…

Introducing a way to modify knots using $n$-trivial rational tangles, we show that knots with given values of Vassiliev invariants of bounded degree can have arbitrary unknotting number (extending a recent result of Ohyama, Taniyama and…

A virtual string is a scheme of self-intersections of a closed curve on a surface. We introduce virtual strings and study their geometric properties and homotopy invariants. We also discuss connections between virtual strings, Gauss words,…

A $2k$-move is a local deformation adding or removing $2k$ half-twists. We show that if two virtual knots are related by a finite sequence of $2k$-moves, then their $n$-writhes are congruent modulo $k$ for any nonzero integer $n$, and their…

In a lens space X of order r a knot K representing an element of the fundamental group pi_1 X = Z/rZ of order s <= r contains a connected orientable surface S properly embedded in its exterior X-N(K) such that the boundary of S intersects…

In this paper, we introduce a new nontrivial filtration, called F-order, for classical and virtual knot invariants; this filtration produces filtered knot invariants, which are called finite type invariants similar to Vassiliev knot…

Non-classical virtual knots may have non-isomorphic upper and lower quandles. We exploit this property to define the quandle difference invariant, which can detect non-classicality by comparing the numbers of homomorphisms into a finite…

For a knot K in S^3, let T(K) be the characteristic toric sub-orbifold of the orbifold (S^3,K) as defined by Bonahon and Siebenmann. If K has unknotting number one, we show that an unknotting arc for K can always be found which is disjoint…

In this paper, we define some polynomial invariants for virtual knots and links. In the first part we use Manturov's parity axioms to obtain a new polynomial invariant of virtual knots. This invariant can be regarded as a generalization of…

We extend the Yang-Baxter cocycle invariants for virtual knots by augmenting Yang-Baxter 2-cocycles with cocycles from a cohomology theory associated to a virtual biquandle structure. These invariants coincide with the classical Yang-Baxter…

Let $T$ be a satellite knot, link, or spatial graph in a 3-manifold $M$ that is either $S^3$ or a lens space. Let $\mathfrak{b}_0$ and $\mathfrak{b}_1$ denote genus 0 and genus 1 bridge number, respectively. Suppose that $T$ has a companion…