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Secure communication plays a crucial role in the Internet Age. Quantum mechanics may revolutionise cryptography as we know it today. In this Review Article, we introduce the motivation and the current state of the art of research in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Hoi-Kwong Lo , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security based on the laws of physics. However, as demonstrated in recent quantum hacking theory and experimental papers, detection efficiency loophole can be fatal to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-06 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Xiongfeng Ma

Realisation of significant advances in capabilities of sensors, computing, timing, and communication enabled by quantum technologies is dependent on engineering highly complex systems that integrate quantum devices into existing classical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Hayato Ishida , Amal Elsokary , Maria Aslam , Catherine White , Michael J. de C. Henshaw , Siyuan Ji

Quantum circuits generating probability distributions has applications in several areas. Areas like finance require quantum circuits that can generate distributions that mimic some given data pattern. Hamiltonian simulations require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Kalyan Dasgupta , Binoy Paine

Data centers are nowadays referred to as the digital world's cornerstone. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method that solves the problem of distributing cryptographic keys between two entities, with the security rooted in the laws of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Nitin Jain , Ulrich Hoff , Marco Gambetta , Jesper Rodenberg , Tobias Gehring

A key issue of current quantum advantage experiments is that their verification requires a full classical simulation of the ideal computation. This limits the regime in which the experiments can be verified to precisely the regime in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Abhinav Deshpande , Bill Fefferman , Soumik Ghosh , Michael Gullans , Dominik Hangleiter

Current technological advancements of quantum computers highlight the need for application-driven, practical and well-defined methods of benchmarking their performance. As the existing NISQ device's quality of two-qubit gate errors rate is…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Krzysztof Kurowski , Piotr Rydlichowski , Konrad Wojciechowski , Tomasz Pecyna , Mateusz Slysz

Distributing secret keys with information-theoretic security is arguably one of the most important achievements of the field of quantum information processing and communications. The rapid progress in this field has enabled quantum key…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely studied quantum cryptographic model that exploits quantum effects to achieve information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD contains public classical post-processing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Zixuan Hu , Zhenyu Li

The concentration and distribution of quantum entanglement is an essential ingredient in emerging quantum information technologies. Much theoretical and experimental effort has been expended in understanding how to distribute entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-25 S. Perseguers , G. J. Lapeyre , D. Cavalcanti , M. Lewenstein , A. Acín

Quantum key distribution provides a promising solution for sharing secure keys between two distant parties with unconditional security. Nevertheless, quantum key distribution is still severely threatened by the imperfections of devices. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Shan-Feng Shao , Xiao-Yu Cao , Yuan-Mei Xie , Jie Gu , Wen-Bo Liu , Yao Fu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

The distribution of entanglement in quantum networks is typically approached under idealized assumptions such as perfect synchronization and centralized control, while classical communication is often neglected. However, these assumptions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Hassan Shapourian , Don Towsley

The security of the previous quantum key distribution protocols, which is guaranteed by the nature of physics law, is based on the legitimate users. However, the impersonation of Alice or Bob by eavesdropper, in practice. will be existed in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Guihua Zeng

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for secure communications safe against attacks by quantum computers. QKD protocols are performed by sending a sizeable, but finite, number of quantum signals between the distant parties involved. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Darius Bunandar , Luke C. G. Govia , Hari Krovi , Dirk R. Englund

Quantum computing is presently undergoing rapid development to achieve a significant speedup promised in certain applications. Nonetheless, scaling quantum computers remains a formidable engineering challenge, prompting exploration of…

Although quantum communication systems are being deployed on a global scale, their realistic security certification is not yet available. Here we present a security evaluation and improvement protocol for complete quantum communication…

Many papers proved the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) system, in the asymptotic framework. The degree of the security has not been discussed in the finite coding-length framework, sufficiently. However, to guarantee any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Masahito Hayashi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with threshold detectors are driving high-performance QKD demonstrations. The corresponding security proofs usually assume that all physical detectors have the same detection efficiency. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-02 Yanbao Zhang , Patrick J. Coles , Adam Winick , Jie Lin , Norbert Lutkenhaus

Quantum Information Processing, which is an exciting area of research at the intersection of physics and computer science, has great potential for influencing the future development of information processing systems. The building of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-06 Jaap Boender , Florian Kammüller , Rajagopal Nagarajan

Quantum key distribution has emerged as a promising solution for constructing secure communication networks, offering information-theoretic security guaranteed by the principles of quantum mechanics. One of the most advanced quantum key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-30 Yizhi Huang , Zhenyu Du , Xiongfeng Ma