Related papers: Mathematical Constraints on Gauge in Maxwellian El…
The structure of classical electrodynamics based on the variational principle together with causality and space-time homogeneity is analyzed. It is proved that in this case the 4-potentials are defined uniquely. On the other hand, the…
The structure of electrodynamics based on the variational principle together with causality and space-time homogeneity is analyzed. It is proved that in this case the 4-potential is defined uniquely. Therefore, the approach where Maxwell…
We show that there exists a choice of gauge in which the electromagnetic 4-potential may be written as the difference of two 4-velocity vector fields describing the motion of a two-component space-filling relativistic fluid. Maxwell's…
The concept of gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics assumes tacitly that Maxwell's equations have unique solutions. By calculating the electromagnetic field of a moving particle both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge and directly from…
Gauge invariance, a core principle in electrodynamics, has two separate meanings. One concept treats the photon as the gauge particle for electrodynamics. It is based on symmetries of the Lagrangian, and requires no mention of electric or…
In Maxwell's classical theory of electrodynamics the fields are frequently expressed by potentials in order to facilitate the solution of the first order system of equations. This method obscures, however, that there exists an inconsistency…
A theory of electromagnetism is proposed that is based on the Fermi Lagrangian, which is symmetric under electromagnetic spin rotation. Its features are: - the four-potential is unambiguously determined by the inhomogeneous wave equation…
In the standard Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach to Maxwell's theory the potentials $A^{\mu}$ are taken as the dynamical variables. In this paper I take the electric field $\vec{E}$ and the magnetic field $\vec{B}$ as the the dynamical…
A simple mathematical procedure is introduced which allows redefining in an exact way divergent integrals and limits that appear in the basic equations of classical electrodynamics with point charges. In this way all divergences are at once…
A relativistic version of the correspondence principle, a limit in which classical electrodynamics may be derived from QED, has never been clear, especially when including gravitational mass. Here we introduce a novel classical field theory…
"Physical theories of fundamental significance tend to be gauge theories. These are theories in which the physical system being dealt with is described by more variables than there are physically independent degree of freedom. The…
Modern undergraduate textbooks in electricity and magnetism typically focus on a force representation of electrodynamics with an emphasis on Maxwell's Equations and the Lorentz Force Law. The vector potential $\mathbf{A}$ and scalar…
It is shown that in semi-classical electrodynamics, which describes how electrically charged particles move according to the laws of quantum mechanics under the influence of a prescribed classical electromagnetic field, only a restricted…
In this paper, we discuss the Maxwell equations in terms of differential forms, both in the 3-dimensional space and in the 4-dimensional space-time manifold. Further, we view the classical electrodynamics as the curvature of a line bundle,…
If potential energy is the timelike component of a four-vector, then there must be a corresponding spacelike part which would logically be called the potential momentum. The potential four-momentum consisting of the potential momentum and…
In this comment it is argued that the argument for a unique determination of the electromagnetic potentials in classical electrodynamics in [1] is flawed. To the contrary the "gauge freedom" of the electromagnetic potentials has proven as…
Electromagnetic phenomena can be described by Maxwell equations written for the vectors of electric and magnetic field. Equivalently, electrodynamics can be reformulated in terms of an electromagnetic vector potential. We demonstrate that…
A fully relativistically covariant and manifestly gauge invariant formulation of classical Maxwell electrodynamics is presented, purely in terms of gauge invariant potentials without entailing any gauge fixing. We show that the…
Conservation principles establish the primacy of potentials over fields in electrodynamics, both classical and quantum. The contrary conclusion that fields are primary is based on the Newtonian concept that forces completely determine…
The classical theory of electromagnetism is based on Maxwell's macroscopic equations, an energy postulate, a momentum postulate, and a generalized form of the Lorentz law of force. These seven postulates constitute the foundation of a…