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Quantum error correction is a crucial tool for mitigating hardware errors in quantum computers by encoding logical information into multiple physical qubits. However, no single error-correcting code allows for an intrinsically…

Quantum error-correcting codes so far proposed have not worked in the presence of noise which introduces more than one bit of entropy per qubit sent through a quantum channel, nor can any code which identifies the complete error syndrome.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Peter W. Shor , John A. Smolin

Quantum computers promise to solve certain problems exponentially faster than possible classically but are challenging to build because of their increased susceptibility to errors. Remarkably, however, it is possible to detect and correct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-24 M. D. Reed , L. DiCarlo , S. E. Nigg , L. Sun , L. Frunzio , S. M. Girvin , R. J. Schoelkopf

In this short review, I draw attention to new developments in the theory of fault tolerance in quantum computation that may give concrete direction to future work in the development of superconducting qubit systems. The basics of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 David P. DiVincenzo

``Leakage'' errors are particularly serious errors which couple states within a code subspace to states outside of that subspace thus destroying the error protection benefit afforded by an encoded state. We generalize an earlier method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Mark S. Byrd , Daniel A. Lidar , Lian-Ao Wu , Paolo Zanardi

We present relaxed criteria for quantum error correction which are useful when the specific dominant noise process is known. These criteria have no classical analogue. As an example, we provide a four-bit code which corrects for a single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 D. W. Leung , M. A. Nielsen , I. L. Chuang , Y. Yamamoto

We present a universal fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture based on identical particle qubits (IPQs), where we find that the first-order IPQ - bath interaction fundamentally differs from the conventional first-order qubit-bath…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 S. L. Wu , Lian-Ao Wu

One of the largest obstacles to building a quantum computer is gate error, where the physical evolution of the state of a qubit or group of qubits during a gate operation does not match the intended unitary transformation. Gate error stems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 Eliot Kapit

Fault-tolerant quantum error correction is a necessity for any quantum architecture destined to tackle interesting, large-scale problems. Its theoretical formalism has been well founded for nearly two decades. However, we still do not have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-02 Alexandru Paler , Ilia Polian , Kae Nemoto , Simon J. Devitt

A general theory of quantum error avoiding codes is established, and new light is shed on the relation between quantum error avoiding and correcting codes. Quantum error avoiding codes are found to be a special type of highly degenerate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Lu-Ming Duan , Guang-Can Guo

We describe a scheme for quantum error correction that employs feedback and weak measurement rather than the standard tools of projective measurement and fast controlled unitary gates. The advantage of this scheme over previous protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Mohan Sarovar , Charlene Ahn , Kurt Jacobs , Gerard J. Milburn

Quantum error correction holds the key to scaling up quantum computers. Cosmic ray events severely impact the operation of a quantum computer by causing chip-level catastrophic errors, essentially erasing the information encoded in a chip.…

Quantum error correction plays a critical role in enabling fault-tolerant quantum computing by protecting fragile quantum information from noise. While general-purpose quantum error correction codes are designed to address a wide range of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 Nirupam Basak , Andrew Tanggara , Ankith Mohan , Goutam Paul , Kishor Bharti

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

We discuss stabilizer quantum-error correction codes implemented in a single multi-level qudit to avoid resource escalation typical of multi-qubit codes. These codes can be customized to the specific physical errors on the qudit,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Matteo Mezzadri , Alessandro Chiesa , Luca Lepori , Stefano Carretta

A quantum error-correcting code is defined to be a unitary mapping (encoding) of k qubits (2-state quantum systems) into a subspace of the quantum state space of n qubits such that if any t of the qubits undergo arbitrary decoherence, not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 A. R. Calderbank , Peter W. Shor

Two schemes are presented that mitigate the effect of errors and decoherence in short depth quantum circuits. The size of the circuits for which these techniques can be applied is limited by the rate at which the errors in the computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Kristan Temme , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta

Qudits can be described by a state vector in a $q$-dimensional Hilbert space, enabling a more extensive encoding and manipulation of information compared to qubits. This implies that conducting fault-tolerant quantum computations using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 James Keppens , Quinten Eggerickx , Vukan Levajac , George Simion , Bart Sorée

Fault-tolerant quantum computation is a technique that is necessary to build a scalable quantum computer from noisy physical building blocks. Key for the implementation of fault-tolerant computations is the ability to perform a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-14 Markus Grassl , Martin Roetteler

In this work we discuss the ability of different types of ancillas to control the decoherence of a qubit interacting with an environment. The error is introduced into the numerical simulation via a depolarizing isotropic channel. After the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Pedro J. Salas , Angel L. Sanz