C. Villforth — Scifaro

Echo mapping of the black hole accretion flow in NGC 7469

Reverberation mapping (RM) can measure black hole accretion disc sizes and radial structure through observed time lags that should increase with wavelength as $\tau\propto\lambda^{4/3}$. Our 250-day RM campaign on NGC 7469 combines sub-day…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-10 Raj Prince , Juan V. Hernández Santisteban , Keith Horne , J. Gelbord , Ian McHardy , R. Edelson , C. A. Onken , F. R. Donnan , M. Vestergaard , S. Kaspi , H. Winkler , E. M. Cackett , H. Landt , A. J. Barth , T. Treu , S. Valenti , P. Lira , D. Chelouche , E. Romero Colmenero , M. R. Goad , D. H. Gonzalez-Buitrago , E. Kara , C. Villforth

The first spectroscopic IR reverberation programme on Mrk 509

Near IR spectroscopic reverberation of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) potentially allows the infrared (IR) broad line region (BLR) to be reverberated alongside the disc and dust continua, while the spectra can also reveal details of dust…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-04-11 J. A. J. Mitchell , M. J. Ward , D. Kynoch , J. V. Hernández Santisteban , K. Horne , J. -U. Pott , J. Esser , P. Mercatoris , C. Packham , G. J. Ferland , A. Lawrence , T. Fischer , A. J. Barth , C. Villforth , H. Winkler

A post-merger enhancement only in star-forming Type 2 Seyfert galaxies: the deep learning view

Supermassive black holes require a reservoir of cold gas at the centre of their host galaxy in order to accrete and shine as active galactic nuclei (AGN). Major mergers have the ability to drive gas rapidly inwards, but observations trying…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-01-19 M. S. Avirett-Mackenzie , C. Villforth , M. Huertas-Company , S. Wuyts , D. M. Alexander , S. Bonoli , A. Lapi , I. E. Lopez , C. Ramos Almeida , F. Shankar

A complete catalogue of merger fractions in AGN hosts: No evidence for an increase in detected merger fraction with AGN luminosity

Despite the importance of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in galaxy evolution, the mechanisms that fuel AGN activity remain poorly understood. Theoretical models suggest that major mergers of galaxies contribute strongly to AGN fuelling,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-09-12 C. Villforth

Delayed Appearance and Evolution of Coronal Lines in the TDE AT2019qiz

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star gets torn apart by a supermassive black hole as it crosses its tidal radius. We present late-time optical and X-ray observations of the nuclear transient AT2019qiz, which showed the typical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-02 P. Short , A. Lawrence , M. Nicholl , M. Ward , T. M. Reynolds , S. Mattila , C. Yin , I. Arcavi , A. Carnall , P. Charalampopoulos , M. Gromadzki , P. G. Jonker , S. Kim , G. Leloudas , I. Mandel , F. Onori , M. Pursiainen , S. Schulze , C. Villforth , T. Wevers

Warm molecular and ionized gas kinematics in the Type-2 quasar J0945+1737

We analyze Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) observations of the type-2 quasar (QSO2) SDSS J094521.33+173753.2 to investigate its warm molecular and ionized gas kinematics. This QSO2 has a bolometric luminosity of 10$^{45.7}$…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-09-14 G. Speranza , C. Ramos Almeida , J. A. Acosta-Pulido , R. A. Riffel , C. Tadhunter , J. C. S. Pierce , A. Rodríguez-Ardila , M. Coloma Puga , M. Brusa , B. Musiimenta , D. M. Alexander , A. Lapi , F. Shankar , C. Villforth

The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes

This is the second paper in a series aimed at modeling the black hole (BH) mass function, from the stellar to the (super)massive regime. In the present work we focus on (super)massive BHs and provide an ab-initio computation of their mass…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-08-03 A. Sicilia , A. Lapi , L. Boco , F. Shankar , D. M. Alexander , V. Allevato , C. Villforth , M. Massardi , M. Spera , A. Bressan , L. Danese

A systematic search for changing-look quasars in SDSS-II using difference spectra

"Changing-look quasars" (CLQs) are active galactic nuclei (AGN) showing extreme variability that results in a transition from Type 1 to Type 2. The short timescales of these transitions present a challenge to the unified model of AGN and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-06-09 B. Potts , C. Villforth

Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. IX. Velocity-Delay Maps for Broad Emission Lines in NGC 5548

We report velocity-delay maps for prominent broad emission lines, Ly_alpha, CIV, HeII and H_beta, in the spectrum of NGC5548. The emission-line responses inhabit the interior of a virial envelope. The velocity-delay maps reveal stratified…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-02-10 Keith Horne , G. De Rosa , B. M. Peterson , A. J. Barth , J. Ely , M. M. Fausnaugh , G. A. Kriss , L. Pei , S. M. Adams , M. D. Anderson , P. Arevalo , T G. Beatty , V. N. Bennert , M. C. Bentz , A. Bigley , S. Bisogni , G. A. Borman , T. A. Boroson , M. C. Bottorff , W. N. Brandt , A. A. Breeveld , M. Brotherton , J. E. Brown , J. S. Brown , E. M. Cackett , G. Canalizo , M. T. Carini , K. I. Clubb , J. M. Comerford , E. M. Corsini , D. M. Crenshaw , S. Croft , K. V. Croxall , E. Dalla Bonta , A. J. Deason , M. Dehghanian , A. De Lorenzo-Caceres , K. D. Denney , M. Dietrich , C. Done , R. Edelson , N. V. Efimova , M. Eracleous , P. A. Evans , G. J. Ferland , A. V. Filippenko , K. Flatland , O. D. Fox , E. Gardner , E. L. Gates , N. Gehrels , S. Geier , J. M. Gelbord , M. R. Goad , L. Gonzalez , V. Gorjian , J. E. Greene , C. J. Grier , D. Grupe , A. Gupta , P. B. Hall , C. B. Henderson , S. Hicks , E. Holmbeck , T. W. -S. Holoien , T. Hutchison , M. Im , J. J. Jensen , C. A. Johnson , M. D. Joner , J. Jones , J. Kaastra , S. Kaspi , P. L. Kelly , J. A. Kennea , M. Kim , S. Kim , S. C. Kim , A. King , S. A. Klimanov , C. S. Kochanek , K. T. Korista , Y. Krongold , M. W. Lau , J. C. Lee , D. C. Leonard , Miao Li , P. Lira , C. Lochhaas , Zhiyuan Ma , F. MacInnis , M. A. Malkan , E. R. Manne-Nicholas , S. Mathur , J. C. Mauerhan , R. McGurk , I. M. Mc Hardy , C. Montuori , L. Morelli , A. Mosquera , D. Mudd , F. Mueller-Sanchez , S. V. Nazarov , H. Netzer , R. P. Norris , J. A. Nousek , M. L. Nguyen , P. Ochner , D. N. Okhmat , A. Pancoast , I. Papadakis , J. R. Parks , M. T. Penny , A. Pizzella , R. W. Pogge , R. Poleski , J. -U. Pott , D. Proga , S. E. Rafter , H. -W. Rix , J. Runnoe , D. A. Saylor , J. S. Schimoia , K. Schnuelle , B. Scott , S. G. Sergeev , B. J. Shappee , I. Shivvers , M. Siegel , G. V. Simonian , A. Siviero , A. Skielboe , G. Somers , M. Spencer , D. Starkey , D. J. Stevens , M. A. Strauss , H. -I. Sung , J. Tayar , K. G. Teems , N. Tejos , T. Treu , C. S. Turner , P. Uttley , J . Van Saders , M. Vestergaard , L. Vican , S. Villanueva , C. Villforth , Y. Weiss , J. -H. Woo , H. Yan , S. Young , H. Yuk , N. L. Zakamska , W. Zheng , W. Zhu , Y. Zu

A significant excess in major merger rate for AGNs with the highest Eddington ratios at z<0.2

Observational studies are increasingly finding evidence against major mergers being the dominant mechanism responsible for triggering AGN. After studying the connection between major mergers and AGN with the highest Eddington ratios at z=2,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-12-02 V. Marian , K. Jahnke , I. Andika , E. Banados , V. N. Bennert , S. Cohen , B. Husemann , M. Kaasinen , A. M. Koekemoer , M. Mechtley , M. Onoue , J. T. Schindler , M. Schramm , A. Schulze , J. D. Silverman , I. Smirnova-Pinchukova , A. van der Wel , C. Villforth , R. A. Windhorst

Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. XII. Broad-Line Region Modeling of NGC 5548

We present geometric and dynamical modeling of the broad line region for the multi-wavelength reverberation mapping campaign focused on NGC 5548 in 2014. The dataset includes photometric and spectroscopic monitoring in the optical and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-10-21 P. R. Williams , A. Pancoast , T. Treu , B. J. Brewer , B. M. Peterson , A. J. Barth , M. A. Malkan , G. De Rosa , Keith Horne , G. A. Kriss , N. Arav , M. C. Bentz , E. M. Cackett , E. Dalla Bontà , M. Dehghanian , C. Done , G. J. Ferland , C. J. Grier , J. Kaastra , E. Kara , C. S. Kochanek , S. Mathur , M. Mehdipour , R. W. Pogge , D. Proga , M. Vestergaard , T. Waters , S. M. Adams , M. D. Anderson , P. Arévalo , T. G. Beatty , V. N. Bennert , A. Bigley , S. Bisogni , G. A. Borman , T. A. Boroson , M. C. Bottorff , W. N. Brandt , A. A. Breeveld , M. Brotherton , J. E. Brown , J. S. Brown , G. Canalizo , M. T. Carini , K. I. Clubb , J. M. Comerford , E. M. Corsini , D. M. Crenshaw , S. Croft , K. V. Croxall , A. J. Deason , A. De Lorenzo-Cáceres , K. D. Denney , M. Dietrich , R. Edelson , N. V. Efimova , J. Ely , P. A. Evans , M. M. Fausnaugh , A. V. Filippenko , K. Flatland , O. D. Fox , E. Gardner , E. L. Gates , N. Gehrels , S. Geier , J. M. Gelbord , L. Gonzalez , V. Gorjian , J. E. Greene , D. Grupe , A. Gupta , P. B. Hall , C. B. Henderson , S. Hicks , E. Holmbeck , T. W. -S. Holoien , T. Hutchison , M. Im , J. J. Jensen , C. A. Johnson , M. D. Joner , J. Jones , S. Kaspi , P. L. Kelly , J. A. Kennea , M. Kim , S. Kim , S. C. Kim , A. King , S. A. Klimanov , C. Knigge , Y. Krongold , M. W. Lau , J. C. Lee , D. C. Leonard , Miao Li , P. Lira , C. Lochhaas , Zhiyuan Ma , E. R. Manne-Nicholas , F. MacInnis , J. C. Mauerhan , R. McGurk , I. M. Mc Hardy , C. Montuori , L. Morelli , A. Mosquera , D. Mudd , F. Müller-Sánchez , S. V. Nazarov , R. P. Norris , J. A. Nousek , M. L. Nguyen , P. Ochner , D. N. Okhmat , I. Papadakis , J. R. Parks , L. Pei , M. T. Penny , A. Pizzella , R. Poleski , J. -U. Pott , S. E. Rafter , H. -W. Rix , J. Runnoe , D. A. Saylor , J. S. Schimoia , B. Scott , S. G. Sergeev , B. J. Shappee , I. Shivvers , M. Siegel , G. V. Simonian , A. Siviero , A. Skielboe , G. Somers , M. Spencer , D. Starkey , D. J. Stevens , H. -I. Sung , J. Tayar , N. Tejos , C. S. Turner , P. Uttley , J. Van Saders , S. A. Vaughan , L. Vican , S. Villanueva , C. Villforth , Y. Weiss , J. -H. Woo , H. Yan , S. Young , H. Yuk , W. Zheng , W. Zhu , Y. Zu

Major mergers are not the dominant trigger for high-accretion AGNs at z = 2

Research over the past decade has shown diminishing empirical evidence for major galaxy mergers being a dominating or even important mechanism for the growth of supermassive black holes in galaxies and the triggering of optically or X-ray…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-09-25 V. Marian , K. Jahnke , M. Mechtley , S. Cohen , B. Husemann , V. Jones , A. Koekemoer , A. Schulze , A. van der Wel , C. Villforth , R. Windhorst

Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. VIII. Time Variability of Emission and Absorption in NGC 5548 Based on Modeling the Ultraviolet Spectrum

We model the ultraviolet spectra of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC~5548 obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope during the 6-month reverberation-mapping campaign in 2014. Our model of the emission from NGC 5548 corrects for overlying absorption…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-09-04 G. A. Kriss , G. De Rosa , J. Ely , B. M. Peterson , J. Kaastra , M. Mehdipour , G. J. Ferland , M. Dehghanian , S. Mathur , R. Edelson , K. T. Korista , N. Arav , A. J. Barth , M. C. Bentz , W. N. Brandt , D. M. Crenshaw , E. Dalla Bontà , K. D. Denney , C. Done , M. Eracleous , M. M. Fausnaugh , E. Gardner , M. R. Goad , C. J. Grier , Keith Horne , C. S. Kochanek , I. M. Mchardy , H. Netzer , A. Pancoast , L. Pei , R. W. Pogge , D. Proga , C. Silva , N. Tejos , M. Vestergaard , S. M. Adams , M. D. Anderson , P. Arévalo , T G. Beatty , E. Behar , V. N. Bennert , S. Bianchi , A. Bigley , S. Bisogni , R. Boissay-Malaquin , G. A. Borman , M. C. Bottorff , A. A. Breeveld , M. Brotherton , J. E. Brown , J. S. Brown , E. M. Cackett , G. Canalizo , M. Cappi , M. T. Carini , K. I. Clubb , J. M. Comerford , C. T. Coker , E. M. Corsini , E. Costantini , S. Croft , K. V. Croxall , A. J. Deason , A. De Lorenzo-Cáceres , B. De Marco , M. Dietrich , L. Di Gesu , J. Ebrero , P. A. Evans , A. V. Filippenko , K. Flatland , E. L. Gates , N. Gehrels , Z S. Geier , J. M. Gelbord , L. Gonzalez , V. Gorjian , D. Grupe , A. Gupta , P. B. Hall , C. B. Henderson , S. Hicks , E. Holmbeck , T. W. -S. Holoien , T. A. Hutchison , M. Im , J. J. Jensen , C. A. Johnson , M. D. Joner , S. Kaspi , B. C. Kelly , P. L. Kelly , J. A. Kennea , M. Kim , S. C. Kim , S. Y. Kim , A. King , S. A. Klimanov , Y. Krongold , M. W. Lau , J. C. Lee , D. C. Leonard , Miao Li , P. Lira , C. Lochhaas , Zhiyuan Ma , F. Macinnis , M. A. Malkan , E. R. Manne-Nicholas , G. Matt , J. C. Mauerhan , R. Mcgurk , C. Montuori , L. Morelli , A. Mosquera , D. Mudd , F. Müller-Sánchez , S. V. Nazarov , R. P. Norris , J. A. Nousek , M. L. Nguyen , P. Ochner , D. N. Okhmat , S. Paltani , J. R. Parks , C. Pinto , A. Pizzella , R. Poleski , G. Ponti , J. -U. Pott , S. E. Rafter , H. -W. Rix , J. Runnoe , D. A. Saylor , J. S. Schimoia , K. Schnülle , B. Scott , S. G. Sergeev , B. J. Shappee , I. Shivvers , M. Siegel , G. V. Simonian , A. Siviero , A. Skielboe , G. Somers , M. Spencer , D. Starkey , D. J. Stevens , H. -I. Sung , J. Tayar , K. G. Teems , T. Treu , C. S. Turner , P. Uttley , J . Van Saders , L. Vican , C. Villforth , S. Villanueva , D. J. Walton , T. Waters , Y. Weiss , J. -H. Woo , H. Yan , H. Yuk , W. Zheng , W. Zhu , Y. Zu

The first spectroscopic dust reverberation programme on active galactic nuclei: the torus in NGC 5548

We have recently initiated the first spectroscopic dust reverberation programme on active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the near-infrared. Spectroscopy enables measurement of dust properties, such as flux, temperature and covering factor, with…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-08-21 H. Landt , M. J. Ward , D. Kynoch , C. Packham , G. J. Ferland , A. Lawrence , J. -U. Pott , J. Esser , K. Horne , D. A. Starkey , D. Malhotra , M. M. Fausnaugh , B. M. Peterson , R. J. Wilman , R. A. Riffel , T. Storchi-Bergmann , A. J. Barth , C. Villforth , H. Winkler

The First Swift Intensive AGN Accretion Disk Reverberation Mapping Survey

Swift intensive accretion disk reverberation mapping of four AGN yielded light curves sampled $\sim$200-350 times in 0.3-10 keV X-ray and six UV/optical bands. Uniform reduction and cross-correlation analysis of these datasets yields three…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-01-23 R. Edelson , J. Gelbord , E. Cackett , B. M. Peterson , K. Horne , A. J. Barth , D. A. Starkey , M. Bentz , W. N. Brandt , M. Goad , M. Joner , K. Korista , H. Netzer , K. Page , P. Uttley , S. Vaughan , A. Breeveld , S. B. Cenko , C. Done , P. Evans , M. Fausnaugh , G. Ferland , D. Gonzalez-Buitrago , J. Gropp , D. Grupe , J. Kaastra , J. Kennea , G. Kriss , S. Mathur , M. Mehdipour , D. Mudd , J. Nousek , T. Schmidt , M. Vestergaard , C. Villforth

Long-term optical monitoring of TeV emitting Blazars

We present 10 years of R-band monitoring data of 31 northern blazars which were either detected at very high energy (VHE) gamma rays or listed as potential VHE gamma-ray emitters. The data comprise 11820 photometric data points in the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-12-19 K. Nilsson , E. Lindfors , L. O. Takalo , R. Reinthal , A. Berdyugin , A. Sillanpää S. Ciprini , A. Halkola , P. Heinämäki , T. Hovatta , V. Kadenius , P. Nurmi , L. Ostorero , M. Pasanen , R. Rekola , J. Saarinen , J. Sainio , T. Tuominen , C. Villforth , T. Vornanen , B. Zaprudin

The host galaxies of FeLoBAL quasars at z$\sim$0.9 are not dominated by recent major mergers

Theoretical models have suggested an evolutionary model for quasars, in which most of luminous quasars are triggered by major mergers. It is also postulated that reddening as well as powerful outflows indicate an early phase of activity,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-12-12 C. Villforth , H. Herbst , F. Hamann , T. Hamilton , C. Bertemes , A. Efthymiadou , T. Hewlett

Velocity-resolved reverberation mapping of five bright Seyfert 1 galaxies

We present the first results from a reverberation-mapping campaign undertaken during the first half of 2012, with additional data on one AGN (NGC 3227) from a 2014 campaign. Our main goals are (1) to determine the black hole masses from…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-10-31 G. De Rosa , M. M. Fausnaugh , C. J. Grier , B. M. Peterson , K. D. Denney , Keith Horne , M. C. Bentz , S. Ciroi , E. Dalla Bonta` , M. D. Joner , S. Kaspi , C. S. Kochanek , R. W. Pogge , S. G. Sergeev , M. Vestergaard , S. M. Adams , J. Antognini , C. Araya Salvo , E. Armstrong , J. Bae , A. J. Barth , T. G. Beatty , A. Bhattacharjee , G. A. Borman , T. A. Boroson , M. C. Bottorff , J. E. Brown , J. S. Brown , M. S. Brotherton , C. T. Coker , C. Clanton , V. Cracco , S. M. Crawford , K. V. Croxall , S. Eftekharzadeh , M. Eracleous , S. L. Fiorenza , A. Frassati , K. Hawkins , C. B. Henderson , T. W. -S. Holoien , T. Hutchison , J. Kellar , E. Kilerci-Eser , S. Kim , A. L. King , G. La Mura , C. D. Laney , M. Li , C. Lochhaas , Z. Ma , F. MacInnis , E. R. Manne-Nicholas , M. Mason , S. M. McGraw , K. Mogren , C. Montouri , J. W. Moody , A. M. Mosquera , D. Mudd , R. Musso , S. V. Nazarov , M. L. Nguyen , P. Ochner , D. N. Okhmat , C. A. Onken , B. Ou-Yang , A. Pancoast , L. Pei , M. Penny , R. Poleski , E. Portaluri , J. -L. Prieto , A. M. Price-Whelan , N. G. Pulatova , S. Rafter , R. M. Roettenbacher , E. Romero-Colmenero , J. Runnoe , J. S. Schimoia , B. J. Shappee , N. Sherf , G. V. Simonian , A. Siviero , D. M. Skowron , J. Skowron , G. Somers , M. Spencer , D. A. Starkey , D. J. Stevens , R. Stoll , E. Tamajo , J. Tayar , J. L. van Saders , S. Valenti , S. Villanueva, , C. Villforth , Y. Weiss , H. Winkler , J. Zastrow , W. Zhu , Y. Zu

Continuum Reverberation Mapping of the Accretion Disks in Two Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We present optical continuum lags for two Seyfert 1 galaxies, MCG+08-11-011 and NGC 2617, using monitoring data from a reverberation mapping campaign carried out in 2014. Our light curves span the ugriz filters over four months, with median…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-02-28 M. M. Fausnaugh , D. A. Starkey , Keith Horne , C. S. Kochanek , B. M. Peterson , M. C. Bentz , K. D. Denney , C. J. Grier , D. Grupe , R. W. Pogge , G. DeRosa , S. M. Adams , A. J. Barth , Thomas G. Beatty , A. Bhattacharjee , G. A. Borman , T. A. Boroson , M. C. Bottorff , Jacob E. Brown , Jonathan S. Brown , M. S. Brotherton , C. T. Coker , S. M. Crawford , K. V. Croxall , Sarah Eftekharzadeh , Michael Eracleous , M. D. Joner , C. B. Henderson , T. W. -S. Holoien , T. Hutchison , Shai Kaspi , S. Kim , Anthea L. King , Miao Li , Cassandra Lochhaas , Zhiyuan Ma , F. MacInnis , E. R. Manne-Nicholas , M. Mason , Carmen Montuori , Ana Mosquera , Dale Mudd , R. Musso , S. V. Nazarov , M. L. Nguyen , D. N. Okhmat , ChristopherA. Onken , B. Ou-Yang , A. Pancoast , L. Pei , Matthew T. Penny , Radosław Poleski , Stephen Rafter , E. Romero-Colmenero , Jessie Runnoe , David J. Sand , Jaderson S. Schimoia , S. G. Sergeev , B. J. Shappee , Gregory V. Simonian , Garrett Somers , M. Spencer , Daniel J. Stevens , Jamie Tayar , T. Treu , Stefano Valenti , J. VanSaders , S. VillanuevaJr. , C. Villforth , Yaniv Weiss , H. Winkler , W. Zhu

Evidence for Merger-Driven Growth in Luminous, High-z, Obscured AGN in the CANDELS/COSMOS Field

While major mergers have long been proposed as a driver of both AGN activity and the M-sigma relation, studies of moderate to high redshift Seyfert-luminosity AGN hosts have found little evidence for enhanced rates of interactions. However,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-02-07 J. L. Donley , J. Kartaltepe , D. Kocevski , M. Salvato , P. Santini , H. Suh , F. Civano , A. M. Koekemoer , J. Trump , M. Brusa , C. Cardamone , A. Castro , M. Cisternas , C. Conselice , D. Croton , N. Hathi , C. Liu , R. A. Lucas , P. Nair , D. Rosario , D. Sanders , B. Simmons , C. Villforth , D. M. Alexander , E. F. Bell , S. M. Faber , N. A. Grogin , J. Lotz , D. H. McIntosh , T. Nagao