Upper bounds on the colloid separation efficiency of diffusiophoresis

The separation of colloidal particles from fluids is essential to ensure a safe global supply of drinking water, yet in the case of microscopic particles, it remains a highly energy-intensive process when using traditional filtration methods. Water cleaning through diffusiophoresis, spontaneous colloid migration in chemical gradients, effectively circumvents the need for physical filters, representing a promising alternative. This separation process is typically realized in internal flows, where a cross-channel electrolyte gradient drives particle accumulation at walls, with colloid separation slowly increasing in the streamwise direction. However, the maximum separation efficiency, achieved sufficiently downstream as diffusiophoretic migration (driving particle accumulation) is balanced by Brownian motion (inducing diffusive spreading), has not yet been characterized. In this work, we develop an asymptotic theory to predict colloid separation in this limit, deriving expressions for the water recovery, defined as the fraction of clean water that can be obtained from the suspension. We find that the mechanism by which the chemical permeates in the channel and the reaction kinetics governing its dissociation into ions play key roles in the process. Moreover, we identify four distinct regimes in which separation is controlled by different scaling laws involving Damk\"ohler and P\'eclet numbers, which measure the ratios of reaction kinetics to ion diffusion and diffusiophoresis to Brownian motion, respectively. We also confirm the scaling of one of these regimes using microfluidic experiments where separation is driven by CO2 gradients. Our results shed light on pathways toward new, more efficient separations and are also applicable to quantify colloidal accumulation in the presence of chemical gradients in more general situations.