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The Stefan-Boltzmann constant re-visited for photons thermally generated within matter

Optics 2021-07-21 v1

Abstract

The Stefan-Boltzmann constant arose from photon densities inside a cavity, but inside matter photon mode densities are material specific. Photon speeds are governed by the mode they occupy, so mode densities can be expressed in terms of speed. Cavity intensities at temperature TKT_{K} combined [8πk4c3h3]TK4\left[\frac {8\pi k^4}{c^3h^3}\right] T_{K }^4 with (π4/15)({\pi^4}/{15}). A material dependent number from summation of internal photon spectral energy densities replaces π415\frac {\pi^4}{15}. Spectral densities are presented for water, germanium and silver. Output intensity combines revised hemispherical emittance ϵQ,H\epsilon_{Q,H} based on these densities, with universal factor [8πk4c3h3]TK4\left[\frac {8\pi k^4}{c^3h^3}\right] T_{K }^4. Emitted radiance after interface internal reflectance of directionally invariant internal radiance elements defines ϵQ,H\epsilon_{Q,H}. Predicted internal densities are verifiable using measured external spectral intensities, provided refraction upon exit is accounted for in emissivity, which the Kirchhoff rule neglects. Virtual bound state photon resonances are predicted in dielectrics and observed.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2107.09455,
  title  = {The Stefan-Boltzmann constant re-visited for photons thermally generated within matter},
  author = {G. B. Smith and A. R. Gentle and M. D. Arnold},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.09455},
  year   = {2021}
}

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20 pages