Related papers: The Stefan-Boltzmann constant re-visited for photo…
Photons excited into ground state modes at finite temperature display partitioning among photon phases, lifetimes and distances travelled since creation. These distributions set the distance from an interface a created photon has some…
A general relationship is presented between the statistics of thermal radiation from a random medium and its scattering matrix S. Familiar results for black-body radiation are recovered in the limit S to 0. The mean photocount is…
This paper generalizes the Stefan-Boltzmann law to include massive photons. A crucial ingredient to obtain the correct formula for the radiance is to realize that a massive photon does not travel at the speed of (massless) light. It follows…
Bose--Einstein condensation of a finite number of photons propagating inside a plasma-filled microcavity is investigated. The nonzero chemical potential is provided by the electrons, which induces a finite photon mass allowing condensation…
A Lorentz invariant positive definite expression for photon number density is derived as the absolute square of the invariant scalar product of a polarization sensitive position eigenvector and the photon wave function. It is found that…
The thermodynamical properties of the photon-plasma system had been studied using statistical physics approach. Photons develop an effective mass in the medium thus -- as a result of the finite chemical potential -- a photon Bose-Einstein…
The condensate density profile of trapped two-dimensional gas of photons in an optical microcavity, filled by a dye solution, is analyzed taking into account a coordinate-dependent effective mass of cavity photons and photon-photon coupling…
A theory of Bose-Einstein condensation of light in a dye-filled optical microcavity is presented. The theory is based on the hierarchical maximum entropy principle and allows one to investigate the fluctuating behavior of the photon gas in…
The Stefan-Boltzmann (SB) law relates the emissivity $q$, given in $Wm^{-2}$, of an ideal black-body cavity at thermal equilibrium to the fourth power of the absolute temperature $T$ as $q=\sigma T^4$, with $\sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \ W…
We report the first direct photon velocity measurements for extragalactic objects. A fiber-optic, photon time-of-flight instrument, optimized for relatively dim sources ($m 12$), is used to measure the velocity of visible photons emanating…
Many bosons can occupy a single quantum state without a limit. This state is described by quantum-mechanical Bose-Einstein statistics, which allows the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate at low temperatures and high particle densities.…
In this work we postulate that Schwinger's threshold for a dynamic electric field intensity to induce spatial nonlinearity is a special case and, more generally, it is the threshold field for both static and dynamic electric fields. Fields…
The light front densities of momentum, angular momentum, and intrinsic pressure are calculated for the photon, both in the free case and at leading order in quantum electrodynamics. In the latter case, we moreover decompose the form factors…
Motivated by the doubly special relativity theories and noncommutative spacetime structures, thermodynamical properties of the photon gas in a phase space with compact spatial momentum space is studied. At the high temperature limit, the…
Photons can come to thermal equilibrium at room temperature by scattering multiple times from a fluorescent dye. By confining the light and dye in a microcavity, a minimum energy is set and the photons can then show Bose-Einstein…
We demonstrate the generation of photons within a fiber-cavity quantum memory, followed by later on-demand readout. Signal photons are generated by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a fiber cavity comprising a birefringent fiber with dichroic…
The integral law of thermal radiation by finite size emitters is studied. Two geometrical characteristics of a radiating body or a cavity, its volume and its boundary area, define two terms in its radiance. The term defined by the volume…
We discuss the possibility that photons, which are bosons, can form a 2D superfluid due to Bose-Einstein condensation inside a nonlinear Fabry-Perot cavity filled with atoms in their ground states. A "photon fluid" forms inside the cavity…
The equations determining the energy density $\rho$ of a gas of photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with a spherical mass $M$ at a non-zero temperature $T_s>0$ is derived from Einstein's equations. It is found that for large $r$, $\rho…
Although for photon Bose-Einstein condensates the main mechanism of the observed photon-photon interaction has already been identified to be of thermo-optic nature, its influence on the condensate dynamics is still unknown. Here a…