English

Smooth words and Chebyshev polynomials

Combinatorics 2008-09-04 v1

Abstract

A word σ=σ1...σn\sigma=\sigma_1...\sigma_n over the alphabet [k]={1,2,...,k}[k]=\{1,2,...,k\} is said to be {\em smooth} if there are no two adjacent letters with difference greater than 1. A word σ\sigma is said to be {\em smooth cyclic} if it is a smooth word and in addition satisfies σnσ11|\sigma_n-\sigma_1|\le 1. We find the explicit generating functions for the number of smooth words and cyclic smooth words in [k]n[k]^n, in terms of {\it Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind}. Additionally, we find explicit formula for the numbers themselves, as trigonometric sums. These lead to immediate asymptotic corollaries. We also enumerate smooth necklaces, which are cyclic smooth words that are not equivalent up to rotation.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0809.0551,
  title  = {Smooth words and Chebyshev polynomials},
  author = {Arnold Knopfmacher and Toufik Mansour and Augustine Munagi and Helmut Prodinger},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0809.0551},
  year   = {2008}
}

Comments

12 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-21T11:16:21.256Z