English

Smooth infinite words over $n$-letter alphabets having same remainder when divided by $n$

Formal Languages and Automata Theory 2010-12-16 v1 Discrete Mathematics Combinatorics

Abstract

Brlek et al. (2008) studied smooth infinite words and established some results on letter frequency, recurrence, reversal and complementation for 2-letter alphabets having same parity. In this paper, we explore smooth infinite words over nn-letter alphabet {a1,a2,...,an}\{a_1,a_2,...,a_n\}, where a1<a2<...<ana_1<a_2<...<a_n are positive integers and have same remainder when divided by nn. And let ai=nqi+r,  qiNa_i=n\cdot q_i+r,\;q_i\in N for i=1,2,...,ni=1,2,...,n, where r=0,1,2,...,n1r=0,1,2,...,n-1. We use distinct methods to prove that (1) if r=0r=0, the letters frequency of two times differentiable well-proportioned infinite words is 1/n1/n, which suggests that the letter frequency of the generalized Kolakoski sequences is 1/21/2 for 2-letter even alphabets; (2) the smooth infinite words are recurrent; (3) if r=0r=0 or r>0 and nr>0 \text{ and }n is an even number, the generalized Kolakoski words are uniformly recurrent for the alphabet Σn\Sigma_n with the cyclic order; (4) the factor set of three times differentiable infinite words is not closed under any nonidentical permutation. Brlek et al.'s results are only the special cases of our corresponding results.

Cite

@article{arxiv.1011.4438,
  title  = {Smooth infinite words over $n$-letter alphabets having same remainder when divided by $n$},
  author = {Yun Bao Huang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1011.4438},
  year   = {2010}
}

Comments

25 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-21T16:46:13.779Z