Sharp estimates for Gowers norms on discrete cubes

We study optimal dimensionless inequalities $$\|f\|_{U^k} \leq \|f\|_{\ell^{p_{k,n}}}$$ that hold for all functions $f\colon\mathbb{Z}^d\to\mathbb{C}$ supported in $\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}^d$ and estimates $$\|1_A\|_{U^k}^{2^k}\leq |A|^{t_{k,n}}$$ that hold for all subsets $A$ of the same discrete cubes. A general theory, analogous to the work of de Dios Pont, Greenfeld, Ivanisvili, and Madrid, is developed to show that the critical exponents are related by $p_{k,n} t_{k,n} = 2^k$. This is used to prove the three main results of the paper: an explicit formula for $t_{k,2}$, which generalizes a theorem by Kane and Tao, two-sided asymptotic estimates for $t_{k,n}$ as $n\to\infty$ for a fixed $k\geq2$, which generalize a theorem by Shao, and a precise asymptotic formula for $t_{k,n}$ as $k\to\infty$ for a fixed $n\geq2$.