English

Self-Supervised Learning for Android Malware Detection on a Time-Stamped Dataset

Cryptography and Security 2026-04-28 v1 Machine Learning

Abstract

Android malware detectors built with machine learning often suffer from temporal bias: models are trained and evaluated without respecting apps' actual release times, inflating accuracy and weakening real-world robustness. We address this by constructing a time-stamped dataset of benign and malicious Android apps and introducing a timestamp-verification procedure to ensure temporal accuracy. We then propose a detection framework that uses Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) for self-supervised pre-training to learn obfuscation-resilient representations, followed by supervised classification. Under time-aware evaluation, the method attains 98% accuracy and 89% F1. We further characterize malware behavior by analyzing true positives and false negatives using VirusTotal and the MITRE ATT&CK framework. To support reproducibility and further innovation, we release our dataset and source code.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.23025,
  title  = {Self-Supervised Learning for Android Malware Detection on a Time-Stamped Dataset},
  author = {Annan Fu and Hao Pei and Maryam Tanha},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.23025},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T12:34:37.719Z