English

R+R: Revisiting Static Feature-Based Android Malware Detection using Machine Learning

Cryptography and Security 2025-11-04 v2 Machine Learning

Abstract

Static feature-based Android malware detection using machine learning (ML) remains critical due to its scalability and efficiency. However, existing approaches often overlook security-critical reproducibility concerns, such as dataset duplication, inadequate hyperparameter tuning, and variance from random initialization. This can significantly compromise the practical effectiveness of these systems. In this paper, we systematically investigate these challenges by proposing a more rigorous methodology for model selection and evaluation. Using two widely used datasets, Drebin and APIGraph, we evaluate six ML models of varying complexity under both offline and continuous active learning settings. Our analysis demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief, well-tuned, simpler models, particularly tree-based methods like XGBoost, consistently outperform more complex neural networks, especially when duplicates are removed. To promote transparency and reproducibility, we open-source our codebase, which is extensible for integrating new models and datasets, facilitating reproducible security research.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2409.07397,
  title  = {R+R: Revisiting Static Feature-Based Android Malware Detection using Machine Learning},
  author = {Md Tanvirul Alam and Dipkamal Bhusal and Nidhi Rastogi},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.07397},
  year   = {2025}
}