In AI-driven medical imaging, the failure to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data poses a severe risk to clinical reliability, potentially leading to critical diagnostic errors. Current OOD detection methods often demand impractical retraining or modifications to pre-trained models, hindering their adoption in regulated clinical environments. To address this challenge, we propose a post-hoc normalizing flow-based approach that seamlessly integrates with existing pre-trained models without altering their weights. We evaluate the approach on our in-house-curated MedOOD dataset, designed to capture clinically relevant distribution shifts, and on the MedMNIST benchmark. The proposed method achieves an AUROC of 84.61% on MedOOD, outperforming ViM (80.65%) and MDS (80.87%), and reaches 93.8% AUROC on MedMNIST, surpassing ViM (88.08%) and ReAct (87.05%). This combination of strong performance and post-hoc integration capability makes our approach a practical and effective safeguard for clinical imaging workflows. The model and code to build OOD datasets are publicly accessible at https://github.com/dlotfi/MedOODFlow.
@article{arxiv.2502.11638,
title = {Safeguarding AI in Medical Imaging: Post-Hoc Out-of-Distribution Detection with Normalizing Flows},
author = {Dariush Lotfi and Mohammad-Ali Nikouei Mahani and Mohamad Koohi-Moghadam and Kyongtae Ty Bae},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.11638},
year = {2026}
}