Riesz Transform Characterization and Fefferman-Stein Decomposition of Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces

Let $D\in\mathbb{N}$, $q\in[2,\infty)$ and $(\mathbb{R}^D,|\cdot|,dx)$ be the Euclidean space equipped with the $D$-dimensional Lebesgue measure. In this article, via an auxiliary function space $\mathrm{WE}^{1,\,q}(\mathbb R^D)$ defined via wavelet expansions, the authors establish the Riesz transform characterization of Triebel-Lizorkin spaces $\dot{F}^0_{1,\,q}(\mathbb{R}^D)$. As a consequence, the authors obtain the Fefferman-Stein decomposition of Triebel-Lizorkin spaces $\dot{F}^0_{\infty,\,q'}(\mathbb{R}^D)$. Finally, the authors give an explicit example to show that $\dot{F}^0_{1,\,q}(\mathbb{R}^D)$ is strictly contained in $\mathrm{WE}^{1,\,q}(\mathbb{R}^D)$ and, by duality, $\mathrm{WE}^{\infty,\,q'}(\mathbb{R}^D)$ is strictly contained in $\dot{F}^0_{\infty,\,q'}(\mathbb{R}^D)$. Although all results when $D=1$ were obtained by C.-C. Lin et al. [Michigan Math. J. 62 (2013), 691-703], as was pointed out by C.-C. Lin et al., the approach used in the case $D=1$ can not be applied to the case $D\ge2$, which needs some new skills.