English

Ratio vectors of polynomial-like functions

Classical Analysis and ODEs 2011-07-29 v3

Abstract

Let p(x)p(x) be a polynomial like function of the form p(x)=(xr1)m1...(xrN)mNp(x)=(x-r_{1})^{m_{1}}... (x-r_{N})^{m_{N}}, where m1,...,mNm_{1},...,m_{N} are given positive real numbers and r1<r2<...<rNr_{1}<r_{2}<... <r_{N}. Let {xk}\{x_{k}\} be the critical points of pp in (rk,rk+1)(r_{k},r_{k+1}) and define the ratios σk=xkrkrk+1rk,k=1,2,...,N1\sigma_{k}=\dfrac{x_{k}-r_{k}}{r_{k+1}-r_{k}},k=1,2,...,N-1. (σ1,...,σN1)(\sigma_{1},...,\sigma_{N-1}) is called the \QTR{it}{ratio vector} of pp. We extend some some of the results on ratio vectors from earlier papers for the case when m1=...=mN=1m_{1}=... =m_{N}=1, that is, for polynomials of degree nn with nn distinct real roots. For N=3, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for (σ1,σ2)(\sigma_{1},\sigma_{2}) to be a ratio vector. We also simplify as well as extend some of the proofs for N=4. In particular we show that mkmk+...+mN<σk<m1+...+mkm1+...+mk+1\dfrac{m_{k}}{m_{k}+... +m_{N}}<\sigma_{k}<\dfrac{m_{1}+... +m_{k}}{m_{1}+... +m_{k+1}}, and that the monotonicity of the ratios does not hold in general for N3N\geq 3. For N=3 we find necessary and sufficient conditions on m1,m2,m3m_{1},m_{2},m_{3} which imply that σ1<σ2\sigma_{1}<\sigma_{2}. We also prove some results for general NN using the theory of \QTR{it}{Groebner bases} and projective elimination theory. One consequence is that for any N2,σ1,...,σN1N\geq 2,\sigma_{1},...,\sigma_{N-1} satisfy a nontrivial polynomial equation in N1N-1 variables with real coefficients.

Cite

@article{arxiv.math/0509488,
  title  = {Ratio vectors of polynomial-like functions},
  author = {Alan Horwitz},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:math/0509488},
  year   = {2011}
}

Comments

Submitted for publication to the Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics--21 pages. No figures. Replacement and revision of math.CA/0509488

R2 v1 2026-07-22T17:24:47.756Z