English

Random Initialization Solves Shapley's Fictitious Play Counterexample

Computer Science and Game Theory 2023-12-21 v3 Theoretical Economics

Abstract

In 1964 Shapley devised a family of games for which fictitious play fails to converge to Nash equilibrium. The games are two-player non-zero-sum with 3 pure strategies per player. Shapley assumed that each player played a specific pure strategy in the first round. We show that if we use random (mixed) strategy profile initializations we are able to converge to Nash equilibrium approximately 1/3 of the time for a representative game in this class.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2209.02154,
  title  = {Random Initialization Solves Shapley's Fictitious Play Counterexample},
  author = {Sam Ganzfried},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.02154},
  year   = {2023}
}

Comments

Superceded by arXiv:2001.11165

R2 v1 2026-06-28T00:45:46.765Z