English

Probabilistic results for monoids of order-preserving transformations

Group Theory 2026-04-30 v1 Probability

Abstract

Let POn\mathcal{PO}_n be the monoid of all order-preserving partial transformations on Xn={1,,n}X_n=\{1,\dots, n\} with the natural order, and let On\mathcal{O}_n and POIn\mathcal{POI}_n denote its submonoids of order-preserving full and injective partial transformations, respectively. For each transformation αPOn\alpha\in\mathcal{PO}_n, write the random variables Y(α)=\imαY(\alpha)=|{\im}\alpha| and Yr(α)=\imαY_r(\alpha)=|{\im}\alpha| given that \domα=r|{\dom}\alpha|=r for 0rn0 \leqslant r \leqslant n. We determine the probability distribution, expectation and variance of YrY_r and YY for POn\mathcal{PO}_n and POIn\mathcal{POI}_n. In particular, Yr(α)Y_r(\alpha) follows a hypergeometric distribution H(n+r1,n,r)H(n+r-1,n,r) for αPOn\alpha \in \mathcal{PO}_n, while Yr(α)Y_r(\alpha) is degenerate and Y(α)Y(\alpha) follows a hypergeometric distribution H(2n,n,n)H(2n,n,n) for αPOIn\alpha \in \mathcal{POI}_n.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.26650,
  title  = {Probabilistic results for monoids of order-preserving transformations},
  author = {Yang An and Wen Ting Zhang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.26650},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T12:41:18.844Z