English

Orthogonal sequences constructed from quasi-orthogonal ultraspherical polynomials

Classical Analysis and ODEs 2019-05-13 v1

Abstract

Let {xk,n1}k=1n1\displaystyle \{x_{k,n-1}\} _{k=1}^{n-1} and {xk,n}k=1n,\displaystyle \{x_{k,n}\} _{k=1}^{n}, nNn \in \mathbb{N}, be two sets of real, distinct points satisfying the interlacing property xi,n<xi,n1<xi+1,n,i=1,2,,n1. x_{i,n}<x_{i,n-1}< x_{i+1,n}, \, \, \, i = 1,2,\dots,n-1. Wendroff proved that if pn1(x)=k=1n1(xxk,n1)p_{n-1}(x) = \displaystyle \prod _{k=1}^{n-1} (x-x_{k,n-1}) and pn(x)=k=1n(xxk,n)p_n(x) = \displaystyle \prod _{k=1}^n (x-x_{k,n}), then pn1p_{n-1} and pnp_n can be embedded in a non-unique monic orthogonal sequence {pn}n=0.\{p_{n}\} _{n=0}^\infty. We investigate a question raised by Mourad Ismail at OPSFA 2015 as to the nature and properties of orthogonal sequences generated by applying Wendroff's Theorem to the interlacing zeros of Cn1λ(x)C_{n-1}^{\lambda}(x) and (x21)Cn2λ(x) (x^2-1) C_{n-2}^{\lambda}(x), where {Ckλ(x)}k=0\{C_{k}^{\lambda}(x)\} _{k=0}^\infty is a sequence of monic ultraspherical polynomials and 3/2<λ<1/2,-3/2 < \lambda < -1/2, λ1.\lambda \neq -1. We construct an algorithm for generating infinite monic orthogonal sequences {Dkλ(x)}k=0\{D_{k}^{\lambda}(x)\} _{k=0}^\infty from the two polynomials Dnλ(x):=(x21)Cn2λ(x)D_n^{\lambda} (x): = (x^2-1) C_{n-2}^{\lambda} (x) and Dn1λ(x):=Cn1λ(x)D_{n-1}^{\lambda} (x): = C_{n-1}^{\lambda} (x), which is applicable for each pair of fixed parameters n,λn,\lambda in the ranges nN,n5n \in \mathbb{N}, n \geq 5 and λ>3/2\lambda > -3/2, λ1,0,(2k1)/2,k=0,1,\lambda \neq -1,0, (2k-1)/2, k=0,1,\ldots. We plot and compare the zeros of Dmλ(x)D_m^{\lambda} (x) and Cmλ(x)C_m^{\lambda} (x) for several choices of mNm \in \mathbb{N} and a range of values of the parameters λ\lambda and nn. For 3/2<λ<1,-3/2 < \lambda < -1, the curves that the zeros of Dmλ(x)D_m^{\lambda} (x) and Cmλ(x)C_m^{\lambda} (x) approach are substantially different for large values of m.m. When 1<λ<1/2,-1 < \lambda < -1/2, the two curves have a similar shape while the curves are almost identical for λ>1/2.\lambda >-1/2.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1905.04276,
  title  = {Orthogonal sequences constructed from quasi-orthogonal ultraspherical polynomials},
  author = {Oksana Bihun and Kathy Driver},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.04276},
  year   = {2019}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-23T09:03:07.907Z