On the structure and classification of solutions to certain nonlinear differential equations

This paper is devoted to the study of meromorphic solutions of nonlinear differential equations, specifically the equation $$(f^n)^{(k)}(g^n)^{(k)} = \alpha^2,$$ where $k$ and $n$ are positive integers with $n>2k$, and $\alpha$ is a common small function of $f$ and $g$. Our main results provide a detailed characterization of the solutions, improving upon earlier works by Fang-Qiu [5], Fang [4], Zhang-Xu [19], and Li-Yi [9]. Notably, we identify and correct significant errors in the proof of Lemma 2.11 [13], which represents the most recent contribution in this area and provide a resolved and rigorous treatment of the problem. Equations of this type arise naturally in various areas of mathematics and applied sciences such as in the study of complex dynamical systems, integrable systems and value distribution theory in complex analysis. Moreover, understanding the meromorphic solutions helps to realize the growth behavior of solutions, stability analysis and modeling of phenomena in physics and engineering. By characterizing these solutions, one can develop methods to solve broader classes of nonlinear differential equations and explore their qualitative properties, which are essential for both theoretical studies and practical applications.