On the mean values of the Chebyshev functions and their applications

When solving a number of problems in prime number theory, it is sufficient that $t(x;q)$ admits an estimate close to this one. The best known estimates for $t(x;q)$ previously belonged to G.~Montgomery, R.~Vaughn, and Z.~Kh.~Rakhmonov. In this paper we obtain a new estimate of the form $$t(x;q)=\sum_{\chi\bmod q}\max_{y\leq x}|\psi(y,\chi)|\ll x{\mathscr{L}}^{28}+x^\frac45q^\frac12{\mathscr{L}}^{31}+x^\frac12q{\mathscr{L}}^{32},$$ using which for a linear exponential sum with primes we prove a stronger estimate $$S(\alpha,x)\ll xq^{-\frac12}{\mathscr{L}}^{33}+x^\frac45{\mathscr{L}}^{32}+x^\frac12q^\frac12{\mathscr{L}}^{33},$$ when $\left|\alpha-\frac aq\right|<\frac1{q^2}$, $(a,q)=1$. We also study the distribution of Hardy-Littlewood numbers of the form $p + n ^ 2$ in short arithmetic progressions in the case when the difference of the progression is a power of the prime number. Bibliography: 30 references.