On plane rigidity matroids

We prove several results about matroids and matroidal families associated with rigidity in dimension $2$. In particular, we establish new properties of the generic rigidity matroid family $\mathcal{R}$ and Kalai's hyperconnectivity matroid family $\mathcal{H}$. We show that $\mathcal{R}$ is the unique matroidal $2$-rigidity family in which $K_{3,3}$ is not a circuit. As a geometric corollary of this result and the Bolker-Roth theorem, it follows that $\mathcal{H}$ and $\mathcal{R}$ are the only $2$-rigidity families associated with algebraic curves in $\mathbb{R}^2$. Bernstein used tropical geometry to characterize $\mathcal{H}$-independent graphs as those admitting an edge-ordering without directed cycles and alternating closed trails. We provide a combinatorial proof of the sufficiency direction and extend Bernstein's theorem to positive characteristic. It follows that the wedge power matroid of $n$ generic points in dimension $n-2$ does not depend on the field characteristic. Our proof method allows to identify many graphs that are independent in every $2$-rigidity family. In particular, we show this for all connected cubic graphs, with exceptions of $K_4$ and $K_{3,3}$. This gives a complete classification of cubic graphs in this respect and answers a question of Kalai in a strong form. As a corollary, we obtain a new property of cubic graphs: every connected cubic graph except $K_4$ and $K_{3,3}$ has an orientation without directed and alternating cycles. Equivalently, it can be edge-partitioned into two forests in a special `interlocked' way.