English

Normal Ordering in the Algebra Generated by $x$ and $\mathrm{I}$ and a Combinatorial Generalization of Bessel Numbers

Combinatorics 2025-12-02 v1

Abstract

We investigate the algebra generated by the operators xx and I=0x\mathrm{I} = \int_0^x, which satisfy the commutation relation [I,x]=IxxI=I2. [\mathrm{I},x] = \mathrm{I}x - x\mathrm{I} = - \mathrm{I}^2. We develop a combinatorial framework for the normal ordering of words in this algebra and show that any word can be written in the form w=i,jc(i,j)xiIj, w = \sum_{i,j} c(i,j) \, x^i \mathrm{I}^j, where the coefficients c(i,j)c(i,j) are signed integers. Focusing on powers of the operator (xI)n(x\mathrm{I})^n, we demonstrate that the corresponding coefficients coincide with the classical Bessel numbers (OEIS A001498). We further extend this analysis to powers of the generalized operators (xλIδ)n(x^\lambda \mathrm{I}^\delta)^n and, finally, provide an explicit normal-ordered expression for an arbitrary word.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2512.00416,
  title  = {Normal Ordering in the Algebra Generated by $x$ and $\mathrm{I}$ and a Combinatorial Generalization of Bessel Numbers},
  author = {Abdelhay Benmoussa},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.00416},
  year   = {2025}
}