English

Normal numbers and nested perfect necklaces

Number Theory 2018-05-11 v1

Abstract

M. B. Levin used Sobol-Faure low discrepancy sequences with Pascal matrices modulo 22 to construct, for each integer bb, a real number xx such that the first NN terms of the sequence (bnxmod1)n1(b^n x \mod 1)_{n\geq 1} have discrepancy O((logN)2/N)O((\log N)^2/N). This is the lowest discrepancy known for this kind of sequences. In this note we characterize Levin's construction in terms of nested perfect necklaces, which are a variant of the classical de Bruijn necklaces. Moreover, we show that every real number xx whose base bb expansion is the concatenation of nested perfect necklaces of exponentially increasing order satisfies that the first NN terms of (bnxmod1)n1(b^n x \mod 1)_{n\geq 1} have discrepancy O((logN)2/N)O((\log N)^2/N). For base 22 and the order being a power of 22, we give the exact number of nested perfect necklaces and an explicit method based on matrices to construct each of them.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1805.03713,
  title  = {Normal numbers and nested perfect necklaces},
  author = {Verónica Becher and Olivier Carton},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.03713},
  year   = {2018}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-23T01:50:11.925Z