Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
Abstract
The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. Both extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos are detected through the Cherenkov light induced in seawater by charged particles produced in neutrino interactions in the surrounding medium. A relative time synchronization between photomultipliers of the order of 1 ns is needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterization of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices are critical for the time calibration. In this paper, the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2111.00223,
title = {Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope},
author = {S. Aiello and A. Albert and M. Alshamsi and S. Alves Garre and Z. Aly and A. Ambrosone and F. Ameli and M. Andre and G. Androulakis and M. Anghinolfi and M. Anguita and M. Ardid and S. Ardid and J. Aublin and C. Bagatelas and B. Baret and S. Basegmez du Pree and M. Bendahman and F. Benfenati and E. Berbee and A. M. van den Berg and V. Bertine and S. Biagi and M. Boettcher and M. Bou Cabo and J. Boumaaza and M. Bouta and M. Bouwhuis and C. Bozza and H. Branza and R. Bruijn and J. Brunner and R. Bruno and E. Buis and R. Buompane and J. Busto and B. Caiffi and D. Calvo and S. Campion and A. Capone and V. Carretero and P. Castaldi and S. Celli and M. Chabab and N. Chau and A. Chena and S. Cherubini and V. Chiarella and T. Chiarusi and M. Circella and R. Cocimano and J. A. B. Coelho and A. Coleiro and M. Colomer Molla and R. Coniglione and P. Coyle and A. Creusot and A. Cruza and G. Cuttone and R. Dalliera and B. De Martino and I. Di Palma and A. F. Diaz and D. Diego Tortosa and C. Distefano and A. Domi and C. Donzau and D. Dornic and M. Dorra and D. Drouhin and T. Eberla and A. Eddyamoui and T. van Eeden and D. van Eijk and I. El Bojaddaini and S. El Hedri and A. Enzenhofer and V. Espinosa and P. Fermani and G. Ferrara and M. D. Filipovic and F. Filippini and L. A. Fusco and T. Gala and J. Garcia Mendez and F. Garufi and Y. Gatelet and C. Gatius Oliver and N. Geisselbrecht and L. Gialanella and E. Giorgio and S. R. Gozzini and R. Gracia and K. Grafa and G. Grella and D. Guderian and C. Guidi and B. Guillon and M. Gutierrez and J. Haefner and S. Hallmann and H. Hamdaoui and H. van Harena and A. Heijboer and A. Hekaloa and L. Henniga and J. J. Hernandez-Rey and J. Hofestadt and F. Huang and W. Idrissi Ibnsalih and G. Illuminati and C. W. James and D. Janezashvili and M. de Jong and P. de Jong and B. J. Jung and P. Kalaczynski and O. Kalekin and U. F. Katz and N. R. Khan Chowdhury and G. Kistauri and F. van der Knaap and P. Kooijman and A. Kouchner and V. Kulikovskiy and M. Labalme and R. Lahmann and M. Lamoureux and G. Larosa and C. Lastori and A. Lazo and R. Le Breton and S. Le Stum and G. Lehaut and O. Leonardi and F. Leone and E. Leonora and N. Lessing and G. Levi and M. Lincetto and M. Lindsey Clark and T. Lipreau and C. LLorens Alvarez and F. Longhitano and D. Lopez-Coto and L. Maderer and J. Majumdar and J. Manczak and A. Margiotta and A. Marinelli and C. Markou and L. Martina and J. A. Martinez-Mora and A. Martini and F. Marzaioli and S. Mastroianni and K. W. Melis and G. Miele and P. Migliozzi and E. Migneco and P. Mijakowski and L. S. Miranda and C. M. Mollo and M. Moser and A. Moussa and R. Muller and M. Musumeci and L. Nauta and S. Navas and C. A. Nicolau and B. Nkosi and B. OFearraigh and M. OSullivan and M. Organokov and A. Orlando and J. Palacios Gonzalez and G. Papalashvilia and R. Papaleo and A. M. Paun and G. E. Pavala and C. Pellegrino and M. Perrin-Terrin and V. Pestel and P. Piattelli and C. Pieterse and O. Pisanti and C. Poire and V. Popa and T. Pradier and I. Probsta and S. Pulvirenti and G. Quemenera and N. Randazzo and S. Razzaquea and D. Real and S. Recka and G. Riccobene and A. Romanov and A. Rovelli and F. Salesa Greus and D. F. E. Samtlebe and A. Sanchez Losa and M. Sanguineti and D. Santonocito and P. Sapienza and J. Schnabel and M. F. Schneidera and J. Schumann and H. M. Schutte and J. Seneca and I. Sgura and R. Shanidze and A. Sharma and A. Sinopoulou and B. Spisso and M. Spurio and D. Stavropoulos and S. M. Stellaccian and M. Taiutik and Y. Tayalati and H. Thiersen and S. Tingay and S. Tsagkli and V. Tsourapis and E. Tzamariudaki and D. Tzanetatos and V. Van Elewyck and G. Vasileiadis and F. Versari and D. Vivolo and G. de Wasseige and J. Wilmsa and R. Wojaczynski and E. de Wolf and T. Yousfi and S. Zavatarelli and A. Zegarelli and D. Zito and J. D. Zornoza and J. Zuniga and N. Zywucka},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.00223},
year = {2022}
}