English

Maximal nonassociativity via fields

Combinatorics 2021-02-16 v2 Number Theory

Abstract

We say that (x,y,z)Q3(x,y,z)\in Q^3 is an associative triple in a quasigroup Q()Q(*) if (xy)z=x(yz)(x*y)*z=x*(y*z). Let a(Q)a(Q) denote the number of associative triples in QQ. It is easy to show that a(Q)Qa(Q)\ge |Q|, and we call the quasigroup maximally nonassociative if a(Q)=Qa(Q)= |Q|. It was conjectured that maximally nonassociative quasigroups do not exist when Q>1|Q|>1. Dr\'apal and Lison\v{e}k recently refuted this conjecture by proving the existence of maximally nonassociative quasigroups for a certain infinite set of orders Q|Q|. In this paper we prove the existence of maximally nonassociative quasigroups for a much larger set of orders Q|Q|. Our main tools are finite fields and the Weil bound on quadratic character sums. Unlike in the previous work, our results are to a large extent constructive.

Cite

@article{arxiv.1910.09825,
  title  = {Maximal nonassociativity via fields},
  author = {Petr Lisonek},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.09825},
  year   = {2021}
}

Comments

13 pages. Minor editorial changes

R2 v1 2026-06-23T11:50:56.601Z