English

Commuting Pairs in Quasigroups

Combinatorics 2024-12-12 v1

Abstract

A quasigroup is a pair (Q,)(Q, *) where QQ is a non-empty set and * is a binary operation on QQ such that for every (a,b)Q2(a, b) \in Q^2 there exists a unique (x,y)Q2(x, y) \in Q^2 such that ax=b=yaa*x=b=y*a. Let (Q,)(Q, *) be a quasigroup. A pair (x,y)Q2(x, y) \in Q^2 is a commuting pair of (Q,)(Q, *) if xy=yxx * y = y * x. Recently, it has been shown that every rational number in the interval (0,1](0, 1] can be attained as the proportion of ordered pairs that are commuting in some quasigroup. For every positive integer nn we establish the set of all integers kk such that there is a quasigroup of order nn with exactly kk commuting pairs. This allows us to determine, for a given rational q(0,1]q \in (0, 1], the spectrum of positive integers nn for which there is a quasigroup of order nn whose proportion of commuting pairs is equal to qq.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2412.08107,
  title  = {Commuting Pairs in Quasigroups},
  author = {Jack Allsop and Ian M. Wanless},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.08107},
  year   = {2024}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-28T20:30:31.915Z