Riichi Mahjong is a multi-player, imperfect-information game characterized by stochasticity and high-dimensional state spaces. These attributes present a unique combination of challenges that mirror complex real-world decision-making problems in reinforcement learning. While prior research has heavily relied on supervised learning from human play logs to pre-train the policy, algorithms capable of learning \textit{tabula rasa} (from scratch) offer greater potential for general applicability, as evidenced by the AlphaZero lineage. To facilitate such research, we introduce \textbf{Mahjax}, a fully vectorized Riichi Mahjong environment implemented in JAX to enable large-scale rollout parallelization on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We also provide a high-quality visualization tool to streamline debugging and interaction with trained agents. Experimental results demonstrate that Mahjax achieves throughputs of up to \textbf{2 million} and \textbf{1 million steps per second} on eight NVIDIA A100 GPUs under the no-red and red rules, respectively. Furthermore, we validate the environment's utility for reinforcement learning by showing that agents can be trained effectively to improve their rank against baseline policies.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2605.20577,
title = {Mahjax: A GPU-Accelerated Mahjong Simulator for Reinforcement Learning in JAX},
author = {Soichiro Nishimori and Shinri Okano and Keigo Habara and Sotetsu Koyamada and Eason Yu and Masashi Sugiyama},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.20577},
year = {2026}
}