English

Higher order Hirota bilinear forms

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems 2025-11-25 v1

Abstract

In this paper we study Hirota bilinear forms of the type P(D){ff}=0P(D) \{f\cdot f\}=0. We prove that for P(D)=DxmDyrDtnP(D)=D_x^mD_y^rD_t^n the equations have three-soliton solutions if only if two of nonzero m,n,pm,n,p are odd and the other one even. We explicitly derive the nonlinear partial differential equations corresponding to this form for m+n+p=4m+n+p=4 and m+n+p=6m+n+p=6. We show that the equations for P(D)=Dx(Dx3+α1Dt+α2Dy)2k+1P(D)=D_x(D_x^3+\alpha_1 D_t+\alpha_2 D_y)^{2k+1} possess three-soliton solutions for any constants (α1,α2)(0,0)(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)\neq (0,0) and kNk\in \mathbb{N}. We conjecture that these equations have four-soliton solution only for k=0k=0. Finally, we consider the equations for P(D)=Dxm1Dym2Dtm3Dzm4P(D)=D_x^{m_1}D_y^{m_2}D_t^{m_3}D_z^{m_4}. We prove that these equations have three-soliton solutions if only if one of mi=1m_i=1, and all the other mim_i's are odd for i=1,2,3,4i=1,2,3,4. We observe that the monomials DxmDyrDtnD_x^mD_y^rD_t^n and Dxm1Dym2Dtm3Dzm4D_x^{m_1}D_y^{m_2}D_t^{m_3}D_z^{m_4} do not result genuine four-soliton solutions. In addition, we obtain three-soliton, lump, and hybrid solutions of these three type of equations for particular powers of the Hirota DD-operators.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2511.18466,
  title  = {Higher order Hirota bilinear forms},
  author = {Metin Gürses and Aslı Pekcan},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.18466},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

A contribution to Metin G\"{u}rses' Festschrift (GURSES-FS-2025)

R2 v1 2026-07-01T07:50:58.527Z