The integration of heavy-duty electric vehicles (EVs) with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capability offers a promising solution to enhance grid stability by providing primary frequency response in power systems. This paper investigates the potential of heavy-duty EVs to support the California power grid under different charging strategies: immediate, delayed, and constant minimum power charging. Simulation results demonstrate that both V2G-capable EVs and non-V2G modes have great potential to provide primary frequency response, with V2G-capable EVs exhibiting especially strong contributions. The study highlights the influence of charging strategies, control modes, and grid conditions on EV contributions to grid stability, emphasizing their critical role in mitigating the adverse effects of renewable energy penetration.
@article{arxiv.2512.12872,
title = {Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles Contribution for Frequency Response in Power Systems with V2G},
author = {Xiaojie Tao and Yaoyu Fan and Zhaoyi Ye and Rajit Gadh},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.12872},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
Accepted at The 16th IEEE International Conference on Green Energy and Smart Systems, 2025