Hall probes: physics and application to magnetometry

This lecture aims to present an overview of the properties of Hall effect devices. Descriptions of the Hall phenomenon, a review of the Hall effect device characteristics and of the various types of probes are presented. Particular attention is paid to the recent development of three-axis sensors and the related techniques to cancel the offsets and the planar Hall effect. The lecture introduces the delicate problem of the calibration of a three-dimensional sensor and ends with a section devoted to magnetic measurements in conventional beam line magnets and undulators.