Estimates of the Poisson kernel on negatively curved Hadamard manifolds

Let $M$ be an $n$-dimensional Hadamard manifold of pinched negative curvature $-b^2 \leq K_M \leq -a^2$. The solution of the Dirichlet problem at infinity for $M$ leads to the construction of a family of mutually absolutely continuous probability measures $\{\mu_x\}_{x \in M}$ called the harmonic measures. Fixing a basepoint $o \in M$, the Poisson kernel of $M$ is the function $P : M \times \partial M \to (0, \infty)$ defined by \begin{equation*} P(x, \xi) = \frac{d\mu_x}{d\mu_o}(\xi) \ , \ x \in M, \xi \in \partial M. \end{equation*} We prove the following global upper and lower bounds for the Poisson kernel: \begin{equation*} \frac{1}{C}\: e^{-2K{(o|\xi)}_x}\: e^{a d(x, o)} \le P(x,\xi) \le C\: e^{2K{(x|\xi)}_o}\: e^{-a d(x,o)} \:, \end{equation*} for some positive constants $C \geq 1, K > 0$ depending solely on $a, b$ and $n$. The above estimates may be viewed as a generalization of the well-known formula for the Poisson kernel in terms of Busemann functions for the special case of Gromov hyperbolic harmonic manifolds. These estimates do not follow directly from known estimates on Green's functions or harmonic measures. Instead we use techniques due to Anderson-Schoen for estimating positive harmonic functions in cones. As applications, we obtain quantitative estimates for the convergence $\mu_x \to \delta_{\xi}$ as $x \in M \to \xi \in \partial M$, and for the convergence of harmonic measures on finite spheres to the harmonic measures on the boundary at infinity as the radius of the spheres tends to infinity.