English

Double Descent: Understanding Linear Model Estimation of Nonidentifiable Parameters and a Model for Overfitting

Machine Learning 2025-09-19 v2 Machine Learning Statistics Theory Statistics Theory

Abstract

We consider ordinary least squares estimation and variations on least squares estimation such as penalized (regularized) least squares and spectral shrinkage estimates for problems with p > n and associated problems with prediction of new observations. After the introduction of Section 1, Section 2 examines a number of commonly used estimators for p > n. Section 3 introduces prediction with p > n. Section 4 introduces notational changes to facilitate discussion of overfitting and Section 5 illustrates the phenomenon of double descent. We conclude with some final comments.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2408.13235,
  title  = {Double Descent: Understanding Linear Model Estimation of Nonidentifiable Parameters and a Model for Overfitting},
  author = {Ronald Christensen},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.13235},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-28T18:22:25.060Z