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Deep Learning Across Games

Theoretical Economics 2025-05-09 v2

Abstract

We train two neural networks adversarially to play static games. At each iteration, a row and column network observe a new random bimatrix game and output individual mixed strategies. The parameters of each network are independently updated via stochastic gradient descent on a loss defined by the individual squared regret experienced in the game. Simulations show the joint behavior of the trained networks approximates a Nash equilibrium in all games. In 2×22\times2 games with multiple equilibria, the networks select the risk dominant equilibrium. These findings, which are robust and generalise out-of-distribution, illustrate how equilibrium emerges from learning across heterogeneous games.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2409.15197,
  title  = {Deep Learning Across Games},
  author = {Daniele Condorelli and Massimiliano Furlan},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.15197},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-28T18:53:59.068Z