D-Egg: a Dual PMT Optical Module for IceCube
Abstract
The D-Egg, an acronym for ``Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,'' is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 meters. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 nanoseconds. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the des\ ign of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2212.14526,
title = {D-Egg: a Dual PMT Optical Module for IceCube},
author = {R. Abbasi and M. Ackermann and J. Adams and N. Aggarwal and J. A. Aguilar and M. Ahlers and J. M. Alameddine and A. A. Alves and N. M. Amin and K. Andeen and T. Anderson and G. Anton and C. Argüelles and Y. Ashida and S. Athanasiadou and S. N. Axani and X. Bai and A. Balagopal V. and M. Baricevic and S. W. Barwick and V. Basu and R. Bay and J. J. Beatty and K. -H. Becker and J. Becker Tjus and J. Beise and C. Bellenghi and S. BenZvi and D. Berley and E. Bernardini and D. Z. Besson and G. Binder and D. Bindig and E. Blaufuss and S. Blot and F. Bontempo and J. Y. Book and J. Borowka and C. Boscolo Meneguolo and S. Böser and O. Botner and J. Böttcher and E. Bourbeau and J. Braun and B. Brinson and J. Brostean-Kaiser and R. T. Burley and R. S. Busse and M. A. Campana and K. Carloni and E. G. Carnie-Bronca and C. Chen and Z. Chen and D. Chirkin and S. Choi and B. A. Clark and L. Classen and A. Coleman and G. H. Collin and A. Connolly and J. M. Conrad and P. Coppin and P. Correa and S. Countryman and D. F. Cowen and C. Dappen and P. Dave and C. De Clercq and J. J. DeLaunay and D. Delgado López and H. Dembinski and K. Deoskar and A. Desai and P. Desiati and K. D. de Vries and G. de Wasseige and T. DeYoung and A. Diaz and J. C. Díaz-Vélez and M. Dittmer and A. Domi and H. Dujmovic and M. A. DuVernois and T. Ehrhardt and P. Eller and R. Engel and H. Erpenbeck and J. Evans and P. A. Evenson and K. L. Fan and A. R. Fazely and A. Fedynitch and N. Feigl and S. Fiedlschuster and A. T. Fienberg and C. Finley and L. Fischer and D. Fox and A. Franckowiak and E. Friedman and A. Fritz and P. Fürst and T. K. Gaisser and J. Gallagher and E. Ganster and A. Garcia and S. Garrappa and L. Gerhardt and A. Ghadimi and C. Glaser and T. Glauch and T. Glüsenkamp and N. Goehlke and J. G. Gonzalez and S. Goswami and D. Grant and S. J. Gray and T. Grégoire and S. Griffin and S. Griswold and C. Günther and P. Gutjahr and C. Haack and A. Hallgren and R. Halliday and L. Halve and F. Halzen and H. Hamdaoui and M. Ha Minh and K. Hanson and J. Hardin and A. A. Harnisch and P. Hatch and A. Haungs and K. Helbing and J. Hellrung and F. Henningsen and L. Heuermann and S. Hickford and A. Hidvegi and C. Hill and G. C. Hill and K. D. Hoffman and K. Hoshina and W. Hou and T. Huber and K. Hultqvist and M. Hünnefeld and R. Hussain and K. Hymon and S. In and N. Iovine and A. Ishihara and M. Jansson and G. S. Japaridze and M. Jeong and M. Jin and B. J. P. Jones and D. Kang and W. Kang and X. Kang and A. Kappes and D. Kappesser and L. Kardum and T. Karg and M. Karl and A. Karle and U. Katz and M. Kauer and J. L. Kelley and A. Kheirandish and K. Kin and J. Kiryluk and S. R. Klein and A. Kochocki and R. Koirala and H. Kolanoski and T. Kontrimas and L. Köpke and C. Kopper and D. J. Koskinen and P. Koundal and M. Kovacevich and M. Kowalski and T. Kozynets and K. Kruiswijk and E. Krupczak and A. Kumar and E. Kun and N. Kurahashi and N. Lad and C. Lagunas Gualda and M. Lamoureux and M. J. Larson and F. Lauber and J. P. Lazar and J. W. Lee and K. Leonard DeHolton and A. Leszczyńska and M. Lincetto and Q. R. Liu and M. Liubarska and E. Lohfink and C. Love and C. J. Lozano Mariscal and L. Lu and F. Lucarelli and A. Ludwig and W. Luszczak and Y. Lyu and W. Y. Ma and J. Madsen and K. B. M. Mahn and Y. Makino and S. Mancina and W. Marie Sainte and I. C. Mariş and S. Marka and Z. Marka and M. Marsee and I. Martinez-Soler and R. Maruyama and F. Mayhew and T. McElroy and F. McNally and J. V. Mead and K. Meagher and S. Mechbal and A. Medina and M. Meier and S. Meighen-Berger and Y. Merckx and L. Merten and T. Meures and J. Micallef and D. Mockler and T. Montaruli and R. W. Moore and Y. Morii and R. Morse and M. Moulai and T. Mukherjee and R. Naab and R. Nagai and U. Naumann and J. Necker and M. Neumann and H. Niederhausen and M. U. Nisa and A. Noell and S. C. Nowicki and A. Obertacke Pollmann and M. Oehler and B. Oeyen and A. Olivas and R. Orsoe and J. Osborn and E. O'Sullivan and H. Pandya and D. V. Pankova and N. Park and G. K. Parker and E. N. Paudel and L. Paul and C. Pérez de los Heros and J. Peterson and S. Philippen and S. Pieper and A. Pizzuto and M. Plum and Y. Popovych and M. Prado Rodriguez and B. Pries and R. Procter-Murphy and G. T. Przybylski and C. Raab and J. Rack-Helleis and K. Rawlins and Z. Rechav and A. Rehman and P. Reichherzer and G. Renzi and E. Resconi and S. Reusch and W. Rhode and M. Richman and B. Riedel and E. J. Roberts and S. Robertson and S. Rodan and G. Roellinghoff and M. Rongen and C. Rott and T. Ruhe and L. Ruohan and D. Ryckbosch and S. Athanasiadou and I. Safa and J. Saffer and D. Salazar-Gallegos and P. Sampathkumar and S. E. Sanchez Herrera and A. Sandrock and P. Sandstrom and M. Santander and S. Sarkar and S. Sarkar and J. Savelberg and P. Savina and M. Schaufel and H. Schieler and S. Schindler and B. Schlüter and T. Schmidt and J. Schneider and F. G. Schröder and L. Schumacher and G. Schwefer and S. Sclafani and D. Seckel and S. Seunarine and A. Sharma and S. Shefali and N. Shimizu and S. Shimizu and M. Silva and B. Skrzypek and B. Smithers and R. Snihur and J. Soedingrekso and A. Søgaard and D. Soldin and C. Spannfellner and G. M. Spiczak and C. Spiering and M. Stamatikos and T. Stanev and R. Stein and T. Stezelberger and T. Stürwald and T. Stuttard and G. W. Sullivan and I. Taboada and S. Ter-Antonyan and W. G. Thompson and J. Thwaites and S. Tilav and K. Tollefson and C. Tönnis and S. Toscano and D. Tosi and A. Trettin and C. F. Tung and R. Turcotte and J. P. Twagirayezu and B. Ty and M. A. Unland Elorrieta and K. Upshaw and N. Valtonen-Mattila and J. Vandenbroucke and N. van Eijndhoven and D. Vannerom and J. van Santen and J. Vara and J. Veitch-Michaelis and S. Verpoest and D. Veske and C. Walck and T. B. Watson and C. Weaver and J. Weber and P. Weigel and A. Weindl and J. Weldert and C. Wendt and J. Werthebach and M. Weyrauch and N. Whitehorn and C. H. Wiebusch and N. Willey and D. R. Williams and I. Wisher and M. Wolf and G. Wrede and J. Wulff and X. W. Xu and J. P. Yanez and E. Yildizci and S. Yoshida and F. Yu and S. Yu and T. Yuan and Z. Zhang and P. Zhelnin},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.14526},
year = {2023}
}
Comments
26 pages, 18 figures, 1 table