English

Congruences involving Delannoy numbers and Schr\"oder numbers

Number Theory 2024-10-24 v1 Combinatorics

Abstract

The central Delannoy numbers Dn=k=0n(nk)(n+kk)D_n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}\binom{n+k}{k} and the little Schr\"oder number sn=k=1n1n(nk)(nk1)2nks_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{n}\binom{n}{k}\binom{n}{k-1}2^{n-k} are important quantities. In this paper, we confirm 23n(n+1)k=1n(1)nkk2DkDk1 and  1nk=1n(1)nk(4k2+2k1)Dk1sk\frac{2}{3n(n+1)}\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{n-k}k^2D_kD_{k-1}\ \text{and}\ \ \frac 1n\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{n-k}(4k^2+2k-1)D_{k-1}s_kare positive odd integers for all n=1,2,3,n=1,2,3,\cdots. We also show that for any prime number p>3p>3, k=1p1(1)kk2DkDk1  56p(modp2)\sum_{k=1}^{p-1} (-1)^kk^2D_kD_{k-1}\ \equiv\ -\frac56p \pmod{p^2} and k=1p(1)k(4k2+2k1)Dk1sk  4p(modp2).\sum_{k=1}^p (-1)^k(4k^2+2k-1)D_{k-1}s_k\ \equiv\ -4p \pmod{p^2}\text{.} Moreover, define \begin{equation*} s_n(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{n}\binom{n}{k}\binom{n}{k-1}x^{k-1}(x+1)^{n-k}, \end{equation*} for any nZ+n\in\mathbb{Z}^+ is even we have \begin{equation*} \frac{4}{n(n+1)(n+2)(1+2x)^3}\sum_{k=1}^{n}k(k+1)(k+2)s_k(x)s_{k+1}(x)\in\mathbb{Z}[x]. \end{equation*}

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2410.17522,
  title  = {Congruences involving Delannoy numbers and Schr\"oder numbers},
  author = {Chen-Bo Jia and Jia-Qing Huang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.17522},
  year   = {2024}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-28T19:32:21.246Z