Coercivity, essential norms, and the Galerkin method for second-kind integral equations on polyhedral and Lipschitz domains

It is well known that, with a particular choice of norm, the classical double-layer potential operator $D$ has essential norm $<1/2$ as an operator on the natural trace space $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$ whenever $\Gamma$ is the boundary of a bounded Lipschitz domain. This implies, for the standard second-kind boundary integral equations for the interior and exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems in potential theory, convergence of the Galerkin method in $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$ for any sequence of finite-dimensional subspaces $(\mathcal{H}_N)_{N=1}^\infty$ that is asymptotically dense in $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$. Long-standing open questions are whether the essential norm is also $<1/2$ for $D$ as an operator on $L^2(\Gamma)$ for all Lipschitz $\Gamma$ in 2-d; or whether, for all Lipschitz $\Gamma$ in 2-d and 3-d, or at least for the smaller class of Lipschitz polyhedra in 3-d, the weaker condition holds that the operators $\pm \frac{1}{2}I+D$ are compact perturbations of coercive operators -- this a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the Galerkin method for every sequence of subspaces $(\mathcal{H}_N)_{N=1}^\infty$ that is asymptotically dense in $L^2(\Gamma)$. We settle these open questions negatively. We give examples of 2-d and 3-d Lipschitz domains with Lipschitz constant equal to one for which the essential norm of $D$ is $\geq 1/2$, and examples with Lipschitz constant two for which the operators $\pm \frac{1}{2}I +D$ are not coercive plus compact. We also give, for every $C>0$, examples of Lipschitz polyhedra for which the essential norm is $\geq C$ and for which $\lambda I+D$ is not a compact perturbation of a coercive operator for any real or complex $\lambda$ with $|\lambda|\leq C$. Finally, we resolve negatively a related open question in the convergence theory for collocation methods.