BMO with respect to Banach function spaces

For every cube $Q \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ we let $X_Q$ be a quasi-Banach function space over $Q$ such that $\|\chi_Q\|_{X_Q} \simeq 1$, and for $X= \{X_Q\}$ define \begin{align*} \|f\|_{\mathrm{BMO}_X} &:=\sup_Q \,\|f-{\textstyle\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Qf} \|_{X_Q},\\ \|f\|_{\mathrm{BMO}_X^*} &:=\sup_Q \,\inf_c\, \|f-c\|_{X_Q}. \end{align*} We study necessary and sufficient conditions on $X$ such that $$\mathrm{BMO} = \mathrm{BMO}_X = \mathrm{BMO}_{X}^*.$$ In particular, we give a full characterization of the embedding $\mathrm{BMO} \hookrightarrow \mathrm{BMO}_X$ in terms of so-called sparse collections of cubes and we give easily checkable and rather weak sufficient conditions for the embedding $\mathrm{BMO}_X^* \hookrightarrow \mathrm{BMO}$. Our main theorems recover and improve all previously known results in this area.