English

ARCS: Autoregressive Circuit Synthesis with Topology-Aware Graph Attention and Spec Conditioning

Machine Learning 2026-04-21 v3 Hardware Architecture

Abstract

This paper presents ARCS (Autoregressive Circuit Synthesis), a system for amortized analog circuit generation. ARCS produces complete, SPICE-simulatable designs (topology and component values) in milliseconds rather than the minutes required by search-based methods. A hybrid pipeline combines two learned generators, a graph VAE and a flow-matching model, with SPICE-based ranking. It achieves 99.9% simulation validity (reward 6.43/8.0) across 32 topologies using only 8 SPICE evaluations, 40x fewer than genetic algorithms. For single-model inference, a topology-aware Graph Transformer with Best-of-3 candidate selection reaches 85% simulation validity in 97ms, over 600x faster than random search. The key technical contribution adapts Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to multi-topology circuit reinforcement learning. GRPO resolves a critical failure mode of REINFORCE, cross-topology reward distribution mismatch, through per-topology advantage normalization. This improves simulation validity by +9.6 percentage points over REINFORCE in only 500 RL steps (10x fewer). Grammar-constrained decoding additionally guarantees 100% structural validity by construction via topology-aware token masking.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2603.29068,
  title  = {ARCS: Autoregressive Circuit Synthesis with Topology-Aware Graph Attention and Spec Conditioning},
  author = {Tushar Dhananjay Pathak},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.29068},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

10 pages, 6 figures, 11 tables. Code available at https://github.com/tusharpathaknyu/ARCS