Anisotropy of the galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity-temperature relation

We introduce a new test to study the Cosmological Principle with galaxy clusters. Galaxy clusters exhibit a tight correlation between the luminosity and temperature of the X-ray-emitting intracluster medium. While the luminosity measurement depends on cosmological parameters through the luminosity distance, the temperature determination is cosmology-independent. We exploit this property to test the isotropy of the luminosity distance over the full extragalactic sky, through the normalization $a$ of the $L_X-T$ scaling relation and the cosmological parameters $\Omega_m$ and $H_0$. We use two almost independent galaxy cluster samples: the ASCA Cluster Catalog (ACC) and the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS-DR1). Interestingly enough, these two samples appear to have the same pattern for $a$ with respect to the Galactic longitude. We also identify one sky region within $l\sim (-15^o,90^o)$ (Group A) that shares very different best-fit values for $a$ for both samples. We find the deviation of Group A to be $2.7\sigma$ for ACC and $3.1\sigma$ for XCS-DR1. This tension is not relieved after excluding possible outliers or after a redshift conversion to the CMB frame is applied. Using also the HIFLUGCS sample, we show that a possible excess of cool-core clusters in this region, cannot explain the obtained deviations. Moreover, we tested for a dependence of the $L_X-T$ relation on supercluster environment. We indeed find a trend for supercluster members to be underluminous compared to field clusters. However, the fraction of supercluster members is similar in the different sky regions. Constraining $\Omega_m$ and $H_0$ via the redshift evolution of $L_X-T$ and the luminosity distance, we obtain approximately the same deviation amplitudes as for $a$. The observed behavior of $\Omega_m$ for the sky regions that coincide with the CMB dipole is similar to what was found with other cosmological probes as well.