English

An extension of Gauss's arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) to three variables iteration scheme

Classical Analysis and ODEs 2024-06-21 v1 Number Theory

Abstract

Gauss's arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) which is described by two variables iteration (an,bn)(an+1,bn+1)(a_n, b_n)\rightarrow (a_{n+1}, b_{n+1}) by an+1=(an+bn)/2, bn+1=anbna_{n+1}=(a_n+b_n)/2,\ b_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_nb_n}. We extend it to three variables iteration (an,bn,cn)(an+1,bn+1,cn+1)(a_n, b_n, c_n)\rightarrow (a_{n+1}, b_{n+1}, c_{n+1}) which reduces to Gauss's AGM when c0=0c_0=0. Our iteration starting from a0>b0>c0>0a_0>b_0>c_0>0 with further restriction a0>b0+c0a_0>b_0+c_0 converges to a=b=M(a0,b0,c0)a_\infty=b_\infty=M(a_0, b_0, c_0) and c=0c_\infty=0. The limit M(a0,b0,c0)M(a_0, b_0, c_0) is expressed by Appell's hyper-geometric function F1(1/2,{1/2,1/2},1;κ,λ)F_1(1/2, \{1/2, 1/2\}, 1; \kappa, \lambda) of two variables (κ,λ)(\kappa, \lambda) which are determined by (a0,b0,c0)(a_0, b_0, c_0). A relation between two hyper-geometric functions (Gauss's and Appell's) is found as a by-product.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2406.13077,
  title  = {An extension of Gauss's arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) to three variables iteration scheme},
  author = {Kiyoshi Sogo},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.13077},
  year   = {2024}
}

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10 pages, 0 figures