Algebraic cobordism and a Conner-Floyd isomorphism for algebraic K-theory

We formulate and prove a Conner-Floyd isomorphism for the algebraic K-theory of arbitrary qcqs derived schemes. To that end, we study a stable $\infty$-category of non-$\mathbb A^1$-invariant motivic spectra, which turns out to be equivalent to the $\infty$-category of fundamental motivic spectra satisfying elementary blowup excision, previously introduced by the first and third authors. We prove that this $\infty$-category satisfies $\mathbb P^1$-homotopy invariance and weighted $\mathbb A^1$-homotopy invariance, which we use in place of $\mathbb A^1$-homotopy invariance to obtain analogues of several key results from $\mathbb A^1$-homotopy theory. These allow us in particular to define a universal oriented motivic $\mathbb E_\infty$-ring spectrum $\mathrm{MGL}$. We then prove that the algebraic K-theory of a qcqs derived scheme $X$ can be recovered from its $\mathrm{MGL}$-cohomology via a Conner-Floyd isomorphism $$\mathrm{MGL}^{**}(X)\otimes_{\mathrm L}\mathbb Z[\beta^{\pm 1}]\simeq \mathrm K^{**}(X),$$ where $\mathrm L$ is the Lazard ring and $\mathrm K^{p,q}(X)=\mathrm K_{2q-p}(X)$. Finally, we prove a Snaith theorem for the periodized version of $\mathrm{MGL}$.