Aggregation-Fragmentation Processes with Broken Detailed Balance

We study aggregation-fragmentation processes in which pairs of clusters can aggregate, and each cluster can break into two fragments. If the rates of aggregation and fragmentation do not depend on the masses, detailed balance does not hold, but nonequilibrium steady states can still be deduced from an exact solution for the Laplace transform. For models in which aggregation rates remain constant but fragmentation rates scale as $(\text{mass})^\beta$, detailed balance holds only when $\beta=1$. Away from this solvable case, we employ asymptotic techniques and show that when $\beta\geq 0$, the steady states share similarities with those from the mass-independent ($\beta=0$) model. An instantaneous shattering transition with continuous mass loss occurs when $\beta<0$.