Building 3-D models is challenging for blind and low-vision (BLV) users due to the inherent complexity of 3-D models and the lack of support for non-visual interaction in existing tools. To address this issue, we introduce A11yShape, a novel system designed to help BLV users who possess basic programming skills understand, modify, and iterate on 3-D models. A11yShape leverages LLMs and integrates with OpenSCAD, a popular open-source editor that generates 3-D models from code. Key functionalities of A11yShape include accessible descriptions of 3-D models, version control to track changes in models and code, and a hierarchical representation of model components. Most importantly, A11yShape employs a cross-representation highlighting mechanism to synchronize semantic selections across all model representations -- code, semantic hierarchy, AI description, and 3-D rendering. We conducted a multi-session user study with four BLV programmers, where, after an initial tutorial session, participants independently completed 12 distinct models across two testing sessions, achieving results that aligned with their own satisfaction. The result demonstrates that participants were able to comprehend provided 3-D models, as well as independently create and modify 3-D models -- tasks that were previously impossible without assistance from sighted individuals.
@article{arxiv.2508.03852,
title = {A11yShape: AI-Assisted 3-D Modeling for Blind and Low-Vision Programmers},
author = {Zhuohao Jerry Zhang and Haichang Li and Chun Meng Yu and Faraz Faruqi and Junan Xie and Gene S-H Kim and Mingming Fan and Angus G. Forbes and Jacob O. Wobbrock and Anhong Guo and Liang He},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.03852},
year = {2025}
}