English

Typicality \`{a} la Russell in set theory

Logic 2023-03-22 v1

Abstract

We adjust the notion of typicality originated with Russell, which was introduced and studied in a previous paper for general first-order structures, to make it expressible in the language of set theory. The adopted definition of the class NT{\rm NT} of nontypical sets comes out as a natural strengthening of Russell's initial definition, which employs properties of small (minority) extensions, when the latter are restricted to the various levels VζV_\zeta of VV. This strengthening leads to defining NT{\rm NT} as the class of sets that belong to some countable ordinal definable set. It follows that ODNT{\rm OD}\subseteq {\rm NT} and hence HODHNT{\rm HOD}\subseteq {\rm HNT}. It is proved that the class HNT{\rm HNT} of hereditarily nontypical sets is an inner model of ZF{\rm ZF}. Moreover the (relative) consistency of VNTV\neq {\rm NT} is established, by showing that in many forcing extensions M[G]M[G] the generic set GG is a typical element of M[G]M[G], a fact which is fully in accord with the intuitive meaning of typicality. In particular it is consistent that there exist continuum many typical reals. In addition it follows from a result of Kanovei and Lyubetsky that HODHNT{\rm HOD}\neq {\rm HNT} is also relatively consistent. In particular it is consistent that P(ω)ODP(ω)NT{\cal P}(\omega)\cap {\rm OD}\subsetneq{\cal P}(\omega)\cap {\rm NT}. However many questions remain open, among them the consistency of HODHNTV{\rm HOD}\neq {\rm HNT}\neq V, HOD=HNTV{\rm HOD}={\rm HNT}\neq V and HODHNT=V{\rm HOD}\neq {\rm HNT}= V.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2303.11658,
  title  = {Typicality \`{a} la Russell in set theory},
  author = {Athanassios Tzouvaras},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.11658},
  year   = {2023}
}

Comments

15 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-28T09:25:43.901Z