Twisted Derivations in Algebraic Number Fields

Let $A$ be a commutative ring with unity and $B = A[\theta]$ be an integral extension of $A$. Assume that $B$ is an integral domain with quotient field $\mathbb{K}$ and $\mathbb{E}$ is the minimal splitting field of $\theta$ over $\mathbb{K}$. Suppose $\sigma, \tau: B \rightarrow \mathbb{E}$ are two different ring homomorphisms that fix $A$ element-wise. In this article, we classify all $A$-linear maps $D: B \rightarrow \mathbb{E}$ which are $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivations. Consequently, we classify all $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivations in certain field extensions, algebraic number fields, and their ring of algebraic integers. For the ring of algebraic integers, $O_{\mathbb{K}} = \mathbb{Z}[\zeta]$ of the cyclotomic number field $\mathbb{K} = \mathbb{Q}(\zeta)$ ($\zeta$ an $n^{\text{th}}$ primitive root of unity), and a pair $(\sigma, \tau)$ of two different $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra endomorphisms of $O_{\mathbb{K}}$, we conjecture (using SageMath) a necessary and sufficient condition for a $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivation $D:O_{\mathbb{K}} \rightarrow O_{\mathbb{K}}$ to be inner. This is done for two different forms of $n$: (i) $n = 2^{r}p$ ($r \in \mathbb{N}$ and $p$ an odd rational prime), and (ii) $n=p^{k}$ ($k \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{1\}$ and $p$ any rational prime). As an application of our main result on classification of $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivations $D:B \rightarrow \mathbb{E}$ and also the conjectures on inner $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivations of $O_{\mathbb{K}}$, we also conjecture the existence and non-existence of non-zero outer derivations of $O_{\mathbb{K}}$ for the above two forms of $n$, thus answering the twisted derivation problem in $O_{\mathbb{K}}$. Finally, as another application of our main result on the classification of $(\sigma, \tau)$-derivations $D:B \rightarrow \mathbb{E}$, we construct some binary Hom-IDD codes in coding theory.