Time-state superposition in non-equilibrium fluidized granular matter

Despite being intrinsically athermal and strongly driven, granular materials can exhibit remarkably glass-like dynamics. Whether their rheology can be described by the same scaling concepts remains an open question. Here, we investigate the linear viscoelastic response of an air-fluidized granular bed using small-amplitude oscillatory shear over a broad range of fluidization states. We show that the frequency-dependent spectra collapse onto a single master curve when shifted by a state-dependent relaxation time, establishing a time-state superposition principle analogous to time-temperature superposition in molecular glasses. The master curve spans more than five decades in relaxation time and is quantitatively described by a Cole-Davidson relaxation spectrum. By comparison with continuous shear measurements, we identify tribocharging as the origin of history-dependent deviations from universal scaling. Our results demonstrate that fluidization primarily rescales a single structural relaxation time while preserving the underlying relaxation spectrum, establishing a direct connection between the rheology of driven granular matter and molecular glass-forming liquids.