We present a comprehensive adoption snapshot of the leading open language models and who is building them, focusing on the ~1.5K mainline open models from the likes of Alibaba's Qwen, DeepSeek, Meta's Llama, that are the foundation of an ecosystem crucial to researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy advisors. We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts. We study a mix of Hugging Face downloads and model derivatives, inference market share, performance metrics and more to make a comprehensive picture of the ecosystem.
@article{arxiv.2604.07190,
title = {The ATOM Report: Measuring the Open Language Model Ecosystem},
author = {Nathan Lambert and Florian Brand},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.07190},
year = {2026}
}